Gynodioecy is typically associated with a smaller perianth size in purely pistillate flowers than in hermaphrodite flowers. However, it is unclear whether this size differentiation is associated with any differences in flower shape between the two sexual groups. A geometric morphometric analysis of the symmetry of tetrameric corolla shapes was used in the study of Euonymus europaeus L., Darwin's classical system of floral sexual differentiation. I investigated whether there are any shape differences between the female and bisexual flowers, with respect to both purely symmetric variation involving coordinated shape changes of the four petals and asymmetry among petals within flowers. The corolla shapes of the female and bisexual flowers and the variability among flowers within each sexual group were very similar in the purely symmetric components of shape variation. However, the female flowers were significantly more asymmetric with respect to both the lateral and transversal asymmetry of their corolla shapes. This is the first study to apply geometric morphometrics in the analysis of morphological patterns in a sexually differentiated gynodioecious plant system. The results showed that subtle shape differences in corolla asymmetry differ between the sexual groups and indicate diverging developmental or selection signals between the sexes.

• Klíčová slova
• Actinomorphy, Biradial symmetry, Euonymus europaeus, Floral biology, Geometric morphometrics, Gynodioecy,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This prospective morphometric study evaluated the growth of the upper dental arch in UCLP patients after early neonatal cheiloplasty and compared the selected dimensions with published data on non-cleft controls and on later operation protocol patients. METHODS: The sample comprised 36 Czech children with nonsyndromic complete UCLP (cUCLP) and 20 Czech children with nonsyndromic incomplete UCLP (UCLP + b). 2-D and 3-D analyses of palatal casts were made at two time points: before neonatal cheiloplasty at the mean age of 3 days (±1 day), and 10 months after surgery at the mean age of 10 months (±1 month). RESULTS: The upper dental arch of cUCLP and UCLP + b patients showed similar developmental changes, but the cleft type influenced growth significantly. The initial high shape variability in cUCLP patients diminished after 10 months, and approached the variability in UCLP + b patients. Both the width and length dimensions increased after surgery. Important growth concerned the anterior ends of both segments. The width and length dimensions illustrated similar growth trends with non-cleft controls and UCLP patients who underwent later cheiloplasty. CONCLUSION: Early neonatal cheiloplasty caused no reduction in the length or width dimensions during the first year of life. Our data suggest a reconstructed lip has a natural formative effect on the actively growing anterior parts of upper dental arch segments, which cause narrowing of the alveolar cleft.

• Klíčová slova
• 3-D geometric morphometrics, Classical morphometrics, Early neonatal cheiloplasty, Unilateral cleft lip and palate, Upper dental arch,
• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ortognátní chirurgické výkony * MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rozštěp patra chirurgie   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu chirurgie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zubní modely * MeSH
• zubní oblouk růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Contrary to the classic anatomical description, many recent studies have reported wide variations in branching patterns and location of motor branches that are supplying the pronator teres muscle. To understand these variations and their implications in surgical procedures of the nerve transfers, a systematic review was performed on the innervation of pronator teres muscle from cadaveric studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in databases such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane reviews and orthopedics textbooks using the search terms "pronator teres nerve branches"; AND "number" OR "location" OR "length" OR "diameter" yielded 545 article links. Articles were evaluated according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: A total of twenty cadaveric studies including 648 branches have registered 52.9% of two branch innervation pattern followed by 31.3%-single branch pattern; 13.5%-three branch pattern; 1.7%-four branch pattern, and 0.4%-five branch patterns, respectively. Of the 403 branches studied for their location in relation with the humeral intercondylar line, most branches were located distal to the line (50.3%), followed by 32.7% (proximal to it) and 16.8% at the line, respectively. The distance of branches located proximal and distal to humeral intercondylar line was in the range of 1.25-10 cm, and 1.1-7.5 cm, respectively. The mean length and diameter of nerves reported were 4.37 ± 2.43 cm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data defined the morphometrics of nerve branches and they often met the required diameter for neurotization procedures. Our findings also demonstrated that the morphometrics, branching pattern and their location vary between populations and this information is very vital for surgeons during the nerve transfers.

• Klíčová slova
• innervation, morphometrics, neurotization, pronator teres,
• MeSH
• anatomická variace * MeSH
• kosterní svaly inervace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mrtvola MeSH
• nervový transfer metody   MeSH
• nervus medianus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• nervus ulnaris anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• předloktí inervace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Apoptosis associated with programmed cell death plays an essential role in the control of germ cell number in the testes. Although male germ cell apoptosis has been well characterized in different animal models, only a few studies of apoptosis in human testes are presently available. In 43 infertile men with azoospermia of varying aetiology, testicular tissue was obtained by testicular biopsy. Apoptosis of testicular germ cells was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling method in situ. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling-positive cells were found in the testicular tissue of all patients with azoospermia, except in Sertoli cell-only syndrome. The apoptotic index was higher in germ cell hypoplasia and in normal spermatogenesis in comparison with germ cell arrest. This study was performed to confirm the presence and determine the frequency of apoptosis in infertile men.

• MeSH
• apoptóza genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• koncové značení zlomů DNA in situ MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužská infertilita genetika   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• testis cytologie   MeSH
• zárodečné buňky patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Five morphometric parameters of nuclei of EBV-positive and EBV-negative Hodgkin's lymphoma cells were assessed for length, width, area, circumference, and circularity. For the measurement of the nuclei of the tumor cells (Hodgkin, Reed-Sternberg cells) the system of image analysis "Lucie" was used. In comparison with EBV-positive Reed-Sternberg cells, the nuclei of the EBV-negative Reed-Sternberg cells had significantly larger circumference, area and width. The nuclei of the Hodgkin cells in EBV-negative Hodgkin's lymphomas had significantly larger width and circularity. The authors assume that the altered morphometric parameters are related to a latent EBV infection.

• MeSH
• buněčné jádro ultrastruktura   virologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Hodgkinova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   virologie   MeSH
• infekce virem Epsteina-Barrové komplikace   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny ultrastruktura   virologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• virus Epsteinův-Barrové izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess palatal growth in newborns with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (cBCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate with tissue bridges (BCLP + B) 1 year after early neonatal cheiloplasty (ENC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The methodology was based on classic and morphometric analysis of dental models of newborns with cBCLP or BCLP + B. These analyses included metric analysis, coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis, superprojection methods, and multivariate statistics. Dental casts were observed in two age categories, which were compared with each other. The first cast was obtained from each patient before ENC (T0, 5 ± 5 days) and the second one prior to palatoplasty (T1, 12 ± 6 months). RESULTS: Fifty-two dental models obtained from 26 newborns with cBCLP and BCLP + B were evaluated. The results showed that over the 12-month period, alveolar clefts were narrowed in both cleft types due to anterior growth combined with the formative effect of suturing. This was confirmed by decreases in the dimensions of the right (T0 9.93 ± 2.80 mm, T1 6.64 ± 2.43 mm; p ≤ 0.003) and left (T0 10.71 ± 4.13 mm, T1 6.69 ± 4.29 mm; p ≤ 0.003) alveolar clefts in cBCLP patients. Similar reductions in alveolar cleft widths occurred on the left side (T0 11.69 ± 4.75 mm, T1 4.34 ± 2.97 mm; p ≤ 0.001) of BCLP + B patients, while on the right side, which was connected by a combined tissue bridge, there was non-significant narrowing of the alveolar cleft (T0 1.61 ± 1.34 mm, T1 1.04 ± 0.70 mm; p = 0.120). The ENC did not restrict posterior palatal growth, meaning that intertuberosity width was extended in cBCLP (T0 32.80 ± 3.15 mm, T1 35.86 ± 2.80 mm; p ≤ 0.001) and in BCLP + B neonates (T0 34.01 ± 2.15 mm, T1 36.21 ± 2.14 mm; p ≤ 0.004). Width and length measurements in the observed groups showed growth tendencies equivalent to those in noncleft or LOP patients. Palatal variability was greater in neonatal cBCLP, but was reduced during the monitored period, approximating that for BCLP + B. Regions with the most notable palatal growth were located primarily at the premaxilla and at the anterior and partially posterior ends of the maxillary segments. CONCLUSION: Early neonatal cheiloplasty had no negative effect on palatal growth in any direction. There was no reduction in the length or width of the palate during the first year of life, nor was there narrowing of the dentoalveolar arch. The formative effect of the operated lip on the anterior part of the palate was confirmed. This, in combination with the favorable growth, lead to closure of the alveolar cleft.

• Klíčová slova
• Bilateral cleft lip and palate, Classic morphometry, Dental arch, Geometric morphometry, Neonatal cheiloplasty, Palate development,
• MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maxila MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• rozštěp patra * MeSH
• rozštěp rtu * MeSH
• zubní modely MeSH
• zubní oblouk MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: A new method of early neonatal cheiloplasty has recently been employed on patients having complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (cUCLP). We aimed to investigate (1) their detailed palatal morphology before surgery and growth during the 10 months after neonatal cheiloplasty, (2) the growth of eight dimensions of the maxilla in these patients, (3) the development of these dimensions compared with published data on noncleft controls and on cUCLP patients operated using later operation protocol (LOP; 6 months of age). METHODS: Sixty-six virtual dental models of 33 longitudinally evaluated cUCLP patients were analysed using metric analysis, a dense correspondence model, and multivariate statistics. We compared the palatal surfaces before neonatal cheiloplasty (mean age, 4 days) and before palatoplasty (mean age, 10 months). RESULTS: The palatal form variability of 10-month-old children was considerably reduced during the observed period thanks to their undisturbed growth, that is, the palate underwent the same growth changes following neonatal cheiloplasty. A detailed colour-coded map identified the most marked growth at the anterior and posterior ends of both segments. The maxilla of cUCLP patients after neonatal cheiloplasty had a growth tendency similar to noncleft controls (unlike LOP). CONCLUSIONS: Both methodological approaches showed that early neonatal cheiloplasty in cUCLP patients did not prevent forward growth of the upper jaw segments and did not reduce either the length or width of the maxilla during the first 10 months of life.

• Klíčová slova
• 3-D geometric morphometry, Early neonatal cheiloplasty, Palatal growth, Traditional morphometry, Unilateral cleft lip and palate,
• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maxila růst a vývoj   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• patro růst a vývoj   MeSH
• rozštěp patra chirurgie   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu chirurgie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plastination is a preservation method for biological specimens, with important advantages over classic conservation techniques with formaldehyde or alcohol. Plastinated specimens are dry, odourless, and free of carcinogenic and toxic solutions. There are only few references about the plastination of parasites. Moreover, there is no information on the effect of plastination on the morphology and morphometry of these animals. The aim of this study was to define a plastination protocol to preserve various species of parasites, namely the nematodes Parascaris equorum (Goeze, 1782); Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782 and Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856); the acanthecephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781); the trematodes Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 and Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi, 1819) and the tapeworm Taenia sp. in the best morphological and morphometric conditions. Results showed that some individuals suffered collapse (P. equorum, A. suum, and D. dendriticum). However, other parasites presented good results with almost no change after plastination (D. immitis, M. hirudinaceus and F. hepatica). In conclusion, conventional plastination allowed anatomical preservation of all helminths tested, but modifications to the protocol are needed to prevent collapse.

• Klíčová slova
• S10 technique, collections, parasites, silicone preservation, teaching.,
• MeSH
• Acanthocephala * MeSH
• Cestoda * MeSH
• hlístice * MeSH
• paraziti * MeSH
• plastinace metody   veterinární   MeSH
• Trematoda * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH

PURPOSE: To examine the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) phosphorylation and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression in rat colon enterocytes after irradiation and their contribution to pathology of intestinal radiation disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were irradiated with whole body γ-radiation of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 Gy ((60)Co, 1.44 Gy.min(-1)). Samples were taken 4 and 24 h after irradiation, immunohistochemically stained, then p38 phosphorylation and TGF-β1 expression were measured in apical and cryptal enterocytes using computer image analysis. In selected groups, morphometric parameters, mitosis and apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS: P38 phosphorylation integrated optical density (IOD)-based levels increased 2.4-fold (p ≤ 0.01) and 3.6 to 22.8-fold (p ≤ 0.001) in apical enterocytes 4 h after 0.5 Gy and 24 h after 3-10 Gy, respectively. TGF-β1 IOD-based expression increased 3.3- to 6.9-fold (p ≤ 0.001) and 1.6- to 4.9-fold (p ≤ 0.001) in apical cells 4 h after 0.5-2, 4, 5 Gy and 24 h after 6-10 Gy, respectively. No changes were observed in crypts. CONCLUSIONS: We found a chronological and dose-dependent order of p38 activation and TGF-β1 expression in apical enterocytes. Transient up-regulation of p38 and TGF-β1 signalling observed 4 h after low-dose irradiation may participate in molecular mechanisms creating cellular over-expression in apical compartment, while persistent patterns measured 24 h after high-dose irradiation might provide protection of remaining cells in order to maintain tissue integrity.

• MeSH
• aktivace enzymů účinky záření   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky záření   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• celotělové ozáření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• enterocyty cytologie   enzymologie   metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• fosforylace účinky záření   MeSH
• kolon cytologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy p38 metabolismus   MeSH
• mitóza účinky záření   MeSH
• polarita buněk účinky záření   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky záření   MeSH
• záření gama škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy p38 MeSH

In this study we estimate sex and population affinity of Gravettian Predmostí (P) skulls using linear and geometric discriminant analysis (DA), and compare them with results of 2D geometric morphometrics (GM). We used the measurements of P3 and P9 males, P4 and P10 females, as originally estimated by Matiegka (1934), as well as two databases--the recent skull database of Howells and the fossil data of Henke. DA classifies the P skulls as robust and belonging to the "male" region, loosing the sensitivity of inter-population differences influenced by size factor. That is why this approach could not be applied. The geographic inter-population differences according to DA do not define P skull shapes as extreme. The influence of geographic variability could be stronger than the inter-sexual differences. Despite the chronological differences between databases and Gravettian skulls, these differences are a component of regional inter-population variability. According to our results, GM is more successful methodological approach than DA. Our previous sex estimation of P skulls with help of GM is completely in accordance with the classical morphoscopic estimation. However, an appropriate reference database is necessary in both the GM and DA approaches. For the sexing of skull with unknown population affinity, and with absence of appropriate reference database, we suggest to use the application of more subjective visual scoring methods.

• MeSH
• databáze faktografické MeSH
• diskriminační analýza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kefalometrie metody   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• určení pohlaví podle kostry metody   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zkameněliny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH