The modifications of electrophysiological activities of subthalamic nucleus (STN) by non-motor tasks, i.e. movement observation, emotional stimuli and impulse control, were reported repeatedly. Despite being a small structure, STN is apparently involved in a variety of functions. Based on our own electrophysiological recordings and results of other groups we believe that it acts as an indirect modulator which may be involved in tuning the functional systems. STN may modulate specific cognitive activities via contextual modulation of certain cortical areas. Our findings support the hypothesis of a cortical-STN bypass (via hyperdirect pathway) of "classical" basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry, at least during the processing of certain cognitive functions. The modulation of cognitive functions appears to be selective, probably determined by the involvement of cortical neuronal populations interconnected with STN. There could also exist a spatial overlap of areas within STN regulating various functions. That may explain the fact that some non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease may improve after deep brain stimulation of STN. These improvements are likely caused by combination of direct stimulation effect on non-motor function and overall beneficial effect of motor improvement on quality of life.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive functions, DBS, Electrophysiology, Non-motor functions, Subthalamic nucleus,
• MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace metody   MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• kvalita života * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus fyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• pohyb fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from a wide range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits and impairment of emotional processing. The present study aimed to explore in PD patients compared to healthy adults the relationship between cognitive performance and emotional creativity (EC), defined as a set of cognitive abilities and personality traits related to originality and appropriateness of emotional experience. PD patients (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 40) underwent a complex neuropsychological assessment and were administrated with the self-reported Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI) questionnaire. To explore the relationship between cognitive tests and the ECI, a regression analysis was conducted. PD patients and healthy controls differed significantly in the EC component Preparedness as well as in the neuropsychological test battery scores. PD patients showed lower scores in cognitive tests and a lower score in Preparedness compared to healthy adults. The output of the regression analysis showed that the extent to which the neuropsychological tests relate to the ECI components is low.

• Klíčová slova
• Aging, Parkinson's disease, cognitive functions, emotional creativity,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The purpose of this article is to discuss to what extent foreign language learning may enhance cognitive functions among healthy older population. The methods used in this study included cognitive assessments using standardized tests, intervention through English language teaching and learning, and statistical analysis. Out of 60 older Czech citizens, 42 cognitively unimpaired participants were selected for the experiment. These participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (20 subjects) studying English for 12 weeks (three 45-min lessons per week) and a control group (22 subjects) whose members did not have any language training. The results of the research show that there has been a slight enhancement of cognitive skills in the experimental group. Nevertheless, on the whole, the scores of the experimental and control groups did not considerably differ. Despite this fact, the results indicate that cognitive functions among healthy older population can be maintained through regular foreign language training.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive decline, Cognitive functions, Effect, English language learning, Healthy older individuals, Limitations,
• MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohojazyčnost * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Provide a synthesis of the current literature about the effects of detraining on cognitive functions in older adults. METHODS: The PICOS acronym strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO database. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement had been followed in the present study, in which the search was conducted on October 2023. The study selection consisted in original articles including older adults, detraining after training exercise period, use of tests or scales to measure cognitive function. The Downs and Black checklist had been used to assess the studies quality. Sample characteristics, type of previous training, detraining period, cognitive functions measurements and main results were extracted by 2 investigators. RESULTS: From 1927 studies, 12 studies were included, being 11 studies identified via systematic research, and 1 study by citation search. Older adults, ranged from 60 to 87 years old, were assessed after detraining. The cognitive functions most evaluated were global cognition and executive functions. One study evaluated both cognitive outcome and cerebral blood flow. Most of the studies demonstrated a decline in the cognitive function after detraining. CONCLUSION: Exercise detraining period, ranging from 10 days to 16 weeks, can effect negatively the cognitive function in older adults.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognition, Cognitive aging, Exercise, Neurosciences,
• MeSH
• cvičení * psychologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

At present, due to the demographic changes and the rise of senior population worldwide, there is effort to prolong an active life of these people by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. The purpose of this article is, on the basis of the literature review of recent clinical studies, to discuss one of such strategy, i.e., the effect of Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) on the cognitive functions among both the cognitively unimpaired and impaired elderly people. The methodology includes a literature review of full-text, peer-reviewed journal studies written in English and published in Web of Science and PubMed between 1 January 2016 and 28 February 2021. The findings indicate that the adherence to MedDiet has a positive effect on both cognitively impaired and unimpaired older population, especially on their memory, both in the short and long run. The results show that the higher adherence to MedDiet proves to have a better effect on global cognitive performance of older people. In addition, the adherence to MedDiet offers other benefits to older people, such as reduction of depressive symptoms, lowered frailty, as well as reduced length of hospital stays.

• Klíčová slova
• Mediterranean diet, cognitive impairment, impact, older people,
• MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• strava středomořská * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Apolipoprotein (APOE) ɛ4 is a well-known risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but other AD-related gene polymorphisms might also be important, such as the polymorphism within the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Carriage of BDNF Val66Met has been associated with faster cognitive decline and greater hippocampal atrophy in cognitively normal elderly. Thus, we examined the effects of the concurrent presence of APOE and BDNF polymorphisms on cognitive functions and brain morphometry in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. 107 aMCI patients (mean age = 72.2) were recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study and, based on APOE and BDNF genes polymorphisms, were divided into four groups: ɛ4-BDNFVal/Val (n = 37), ɛ4-BDNFMet (n = 19), ɛ4+BDNFVal/Val (n = 35), and ɛ4+BDNFMet (n = 16). All patients underwent clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and complex neuropsychological battery. The combination of APOEɛ4+ and BDNF Met was associated with significantly worse memory performance in immediate and delayed recall compared to other polymorphism groups. We did not observe increased atrophy in areas related to memory function in the ɛ4+BDNFMet group. Our findings suggest that carriage of ɛ4+BDNFMet is associated with more pronounced memory dysfunction, a typical feature of early AD, but not with structural brain changes in aMCI patients. These findings suggest that in APOEɛ4/BDNF Met carriers, synaptic dysfunction affecting memory may precede pronounced structural changes.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, Apolipoprotein E, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cognition, gene polymorphism,
• MeSH
• amnézie psychologie   MeSH
• apolipoprotein E4 genetika   MeSH
• atrofie MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• hipokampus diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce genetika   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor genetika   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický genetika   MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• apolipoprotein E4 MeSH
• BDNF protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH

We sought to describe the cognitive profile of patients with Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Based on age and education correlated norms, we aimed to compare performance in each measured cognitive domain: executive functions (EFs), verbal memory (VM), non-verbal memory (nVM), visuoconstructional abilities (VA) and attention/psychomotor speed (A/PS). Patients diagnosed with iNPH underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation before shunting. Their performance was compared to the age and education correlated norms. Correlation of different cognitive domains in iNPH profile was performed. A total of 53 iNPH patients (73.21 ± 5.48 years) were included in the study. All of the measured cognitive domains were significantly damaged. The most affected domains were EFs and VM (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). A/PS domain was affected milder than EFs and VM (p<0.001). The least affected domains were nVM (p<0.001) and VA (p<0.001). Patients with iNPH are affected in all cognitive domains and the cognitive decline is uneven across these domains. The impairment of memory was shown to depend on the presented material. VM was shown to be much more severely affected than nVM and along with VM, EFs were shown to be the most affected. A/PS speed was shown to be less affected than VM and EFs and the least affected domains were nVM and VA.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive decline, executive functions, Neuropsychology, Normal pressure hydrocephalus,
• MeSH
• exekutivní funkce MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• normotenzní hydrocefalus * diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS/STN) is an effective treatment for motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is less clear how DBS/STN affects cognitive functions. We investigated 19 PD patients (13 male, 6 female, mean age 57 +/- 6, mean PD duration 15 +/- 4 years) who received bilateral DBS/STN. Neuropsychological assessment was done before the surgery and at least 12 months after DBS implantation. The patients were examined in their optimal motor status. Global cognitive performance measured by Mattis Dementia Rating Scale was not significantly changed after DBS STN. The performance in Wechsler Memory Scale III decreased in the subtest Logical Memory, in delayed recall (p < 0.05) and in recognition (p < 0.05). In Stroop Test, the performance worsened in the second (p < 0.05), and third condition (p < 0.01) measuring interference and ability to suppress automatic reactions. In conclusion, patients treated by DBS/STN tend to worsen in executive functions and in logical memory.

• MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus * MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the indicators of cognitive functions (CF) and modifiable risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) in a cross-sectional analysis in the urban Russian population sample aged 55-84 years. The study investigated a random sample of 3 153 people (men and women 55-84 years old) from a general population cohort of Novosibirsk residents; a sample was examined within the international project HAPIEE. The study protocol included standardized neuropsychological tests (quantitative assessment of memory, semantic verbal fluency, attention and processing speed) and standardized assessment of risk factors, history and treatment of cardiovascular disease and NCD. In cross-sectional analysis we observed a positive relationship of CF indices with level of education and an inverse relationship with metabolic risk factors and smoking in both sexes. The level of total cholesterol and moderate alcohol consumption had positive relationship with CF indices in women. These associations were independent from age and other factors.

Цель исследования — изучение связи показателей когнитивных функций (КФ) с модифицируемыми факторами риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний (ХНИЗ) в одномоментном подходе в городской российской популяционной выборке 55–84 лет. Изучена случайная выборка — 3 153 человека (мужчины и женщины 55–84 лет) из общей популяционной когорты жителей Новосибирска, обследованной в рамках международного проекта HAPIEE. Протокол исследования включал стандартизованное нейропсихологическое тестирование (количественная оценка функции памяти, семантической речевой активности и концентрации внимания), стандартизованную оценку факторов риска, истории и лечения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и ХНИЗ. По результатам кросс-секционного анализа выявлена прямая связь показателей КФ с уровнем образования и обратная связь с метаболическими факторами риска и курением у лиц обоего пола. Уровень общего холестерина и умеренное потребление алкоголя были положительно связаны с КФ у женщин. Эти связи не зависели от возраста и других факторов.

• Klíčová slova
• aging, cognitive functions, population, risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neinfekční nemoci * epidemiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cognitive reserve (CR) has been conceptualized as an individual's ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. As such, CR may contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the relationships between CR, cognition and quality of life in first-episode (FES) patients. A total of 137 patients with either ICD-10 schizophrenia or "acute and transient psychotic disorders" diagnosis, and 62 healthy controls had completed a comprehensive assessment of six cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory/flexibility, verbal memory, visual memory, and abstraction/executive functioning. CR was calculated from the participants' education, premorbid IQ, and socioeconomic status. The results suggested that in patients, CR was positively related to cognitive performance in all domains, explaining 42.6% of the variance observed in cognition overall. Effects of CR in the control group were limited to three domains: speed of processing, abstraction/executive function and working memory/flexibility. These results suggest that CR largely contributes to cognitive variations present in FES patients. In addition, CR was negatively related to the social construct of patients' quality of life, and positively to symptom severity and general functioning.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive deficit, Cognitive domains, Cognitive reserve, First episode, Quality of life, Schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• schizofrenie * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH