The effects of exogenous estrogens on the liver are considered to be 1 of the more difficult obstacles in working out an optimal steroid contraceptive, as the liver is 1 of the specific terminal organs for estrogens. The estrogens used in oral steroid contraceptives are ethinyl estradiol (EE) and mestranol (ME). Attempts to overcome the effects of these exogenous estrogens has lead to investigations of the possibilities of gestagens, which have a significant effect on cytoplasmatic receptors in the cells of the terminal tissues. An optimal steroid compound, which maximizes the contraceptive action while minimizing the side effects has been worked out, consisting of daily doses of .03 mg of EE and .15 mg of d-norgestrel. This compound is considered to sufficiently compensate the estrogen effects of its estrogen component through the action of the gestagen component.

• Keywords
• Contraception, Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen--administraction and dosage, Contraceptive Agents, Female--administraction and dosage, Contraceptive Agents, Progestin--administraction and dosage, Contraceptive Agents--administraction and dosage, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Ethinyl Estradiol--administraction and dosage *, Family Planning, Levonorgestrel--administraction and dosage *, Mestranol--administraction and dosage *, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *,
• MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal administration & dosage   analysis   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH

The chemical affinity of chlormadinone acetate with Superlutinem (used in Antigest and Antigest-B) and with Chlorsuperlutinem (a component of Biogest) in connection with the generation of cancer by hormanal contraceptives is discussed. Undesirable effects were found to be more prevalent with progestagen components than with estrogens. Cases of jaundice, hepatitis, hypertension, and thrombophlebitis with the use of oral contraceptives were found to be more frequent in cases of use of 1 year or more. The connection of the failure of hormonal contraceptives with certain sedatives is discussed.

• Keywords
• Biology, Blood Coagulation Effects, Cancer *, Chlormadinone Acetate--side effects *, Contraception, Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen--side effects, Contraceptive Agents, Female--side effects *, Contraceptive Agents, Progestin--side effects *, Contraceptive Agents--side effects, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Diseases, Embolism, Endocrine System, Estradiol--side effects *, Estrogens, Ethinyl Estradiol--side effects *, Ethynodiol Diacetate--side effects *, Family Planning, Hepatic Effects *, Hormones, Hypertension *, Jaundice *, Lynestrenol--side effects *, Mestranol--side effects *, Neoplasms, Norethindrone Acetate--side effects *, Norethindrone--side effects, Oral Contraceptives, Combined, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *, Physiology, Signs And Symptoms, Thromboembolism, Thrombophlebitis *, Vascular Diseases,
• MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nausea chemically induced   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Thromboembolism chemically induced   MeSH
• Water-Electrolyte Balance drug effects   MeSH
• Vomiting chemically induced   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH

The report is concerned with the levels of 17 specific serum proteins in 46 women using plastic nonmedicated intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) Dana-Super. Blood samplings were carried out three times: just before the IUCD introduction, 30 and 54 weeks after the insertion of IUCD. The following proteins except haptoglobin were quantitatively determined by radial immunodiffusion: prealbumin, albumin, orosomucoid, alpha 1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin, hemopexin, C3-component, transferrin, beta 2-glycoprotein I, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD. Moderately increased values were found for alpha 2HS-glycoprotein and beta 2-glycoprotein I in sera taken 30 weeks after the insertion of IUCD. AT the same time the augmentation of alpha 1-antitrypsin was established. This might be evoked by the raised protease activity in biological fluids of genital region. The raise in consequence of IUCD application of transferrin and the decrease of haptoglobin at the first postinsertion examination and the decrease of hemopexin and albumin at the second may be associated with higher menstrual bleeding followed by iron deficiency. All other proteins as well as the acute phase proteins showed only minor if any differences as compared with the corresponding start values. Similarly, there is no evidence of a systemic immunoglobulin response to IUCD use.

The report is concerned with the levels of 17 specific serum proteins in 46 women using plastic nonmedicated Dana-Super IUDs. Blood samplings were carried out 3 times: just before IUD introduction, and 30 and 54 weeks after the insertion of IUD. The following proteins except haptoglobin were quantitatively determined by radial immunodiffusion: prealbumin, albumin, orosomucoid, alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin, hemopexin, C3-component, transferrin, beta2-glycoprotein 1, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD. Moderately increased values were found for alpha2HS-glycoprotein and beta2-glycoprotein 1 in sera taken 30 weeks after the insertion of IUD. At the same time the augmentation of alpha1-antitrypsin was established. This might be evoked by the raised protease activity in biological fluids of genital region. The raise in consequence of IUD application of transferrin and the decrease of haptoglobin at the 1st postinsertion examination and the decrease of hemopexin and albumin at the 2nd may be associated with higher menstrual bleeding followed by iron deficiency. All other proteins as well as the acute phase proteins showed only minor if any differences as compared with the corresponding start values. Similarly, there is no evidence of a systemic immunoglobulin response to IUD use.

• Keywords
• Biology, Contraception, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Family Planning, Hematological Effects, Hemic System, Iud, Unmedicated *, Iud--side effects *, Menstrual Cycle *, Menstruation, Physiology, Reproduction, Serum Protein Effects--analysis *, Size,
• MeSH
• alpha 1-Antitrypsin analysis   MeSH
• Ceruloplasmin analysis   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Glycoproteins analysis   MeSH
• Complement C3 analysis   MeSH
• Blood Proteins analysis   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Intrauterine Devices * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• alpha 1-Antitrypsin MeSH
• Ceruloplasmin MeSH
• Glycoproteins MeSH
• Complement C3 MeSH
• Blood Proteins MeSH

Even though the mechanism of the antifertile effect of IUDs is not yet completely understood, IUDs create no more complications that other contraceptive methods. The slight increase in secretions from the cervix caused by contact of endometrial tissue with the device and a cell infiltration of the endometrium in this area does not affect the contraceptive effect of the device. No real pathological changes were found. On the contrary, in 5 cases use of the device regularized the cycles of women who had had repeated abortions and very irregular cycles. Expulsion of the device varied according to its size and was corrected by using a larger device.

• Keywords
• Biology, Clinical Research *, Contraception, Contraception Termination *, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Endometrial Effects *, Endometrium, Family Planning, Genitalia, Genitalia, Female, Histology *, Iud--side effects *, Physiology, Research Methodology, Urogenital System, Uterus,
• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Endometrium cytology   MeSH
• Histocytochemistry MeSH
• Hemorrhage etiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Intrauterine Devices * adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH

Hormonal contraception may be accompanied by voice disorders. The authors examined a woman who suffered from symptoms of virilization (enlarged larynx with male-sounding voice), after having taken the preparation Biogest. It may thus be advisable to monitor women taking hormonal contraceptives to observe possible changes in their voices. As soon as such changes occur, a phoniatrist should be consulted. Increased attention should be paid to women whose vocal organ is subjected to increased requirements. (Authors' modified)

• Keywords
• Contraception, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Family Planning, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Voice drug effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal adverse effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH

This paper discusses the risks and possible adverse effects of combined steroid (OCs). The various methods of administering steroidal contraceptives are listed. It is estimated that presently 55 million women or 25% of the women of reproductive age in the developed Western nations are useers of OCs. In Czechoslovakia, approximately 6% of the women of reproductive age were OC users in 1978. The many adverse effects of OCs are listed. The effects of OCs on the immune system are emphasized. In laboratory animals, there was a decrease in antibody formation after OC administration. In women, OCs caused immunosuppression by a decrease in lymphocyte reactivity, a decrease in immunoglobulin levels and inhibition of rosette formation. Clinically, an increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and infections was observed. The harmful effects of the combined contraceptives are thought to be due to the estrogen component and possibilities of preventing these complications by decreasing the estrogen dosage, using another estrogen in place of ethinyl estradiol or using only progestins are discussed. The need for a more physiological method of contraception is discussed from the aspect of the development of modern society and the evolution of the human reproductive cycle. The goal of physiological contraception is to simulate lactational amenorrhea by "supplementing" the dopaminergic regulation of adenohypophyseal function resulting in hyperprolactinemia and inhibition of ovarian steroid secretion. There has been some success in attaining this state with Sulpiride and the author recommends its use if there are contraindications for the usual steroidal contraception. Finally, recommendations for the safe prescription of OCs are made. It is urged that the age of the woman, her smoking history, and previous prolonged use (over 5 years) are considered.

• Keywords
• Autoimmune Response, Biology *, Contraception *, Contraceptive Agents, Contraceptive Agents, Female *, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Diseases, Family Planning, Immunological Effects, Oral Contraceptives *, Oral Contraceptives, Combined--side effects *, Physiology *,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal adverse effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Combined adverse effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Risk MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Combined MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH

Significant hearing impairment occurred in 2 female patients after a long-term application of oral contraceptives (OCs). In 2 of them, surgical intervention was necessary, and in 1 sample of operative material, otosclerosis was found. The possible occurrence of such disorders may be assumed in the course of OC ingestion when we consider a similar otosclerosis manifestation recorded in pregnant women. The data about the presence of these complications during OC use, and especially about the activity of other factors (such as familial involvement, occurrence in previous pregnancies, smoking, obesity) are not equivocal. However, attention should be paid whenever prescription of OCs is proposed and then hearing disorders of this type must be considered as contraindications. (author's)

• Keywords
• Contraception, Contraceptive Methods--contraindications, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Family Planning, Oral Contraceptives--contraindications *, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal adverse effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Otosclerosis chemically induced   MeSH
• Hearing Disorders chemically induced   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH

A group of 230 women mostly in the 20-30 age range were prescribed the steroid contraceptives Neogest, Norbiogest, Monogest, Non-Ovlon, and Yermonil. 15 women had painful irregular menstruation. 12 women had undergone abortion, and 6 had had a spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester. Neogest, a one-phase preparation, was used by 28 women. There were 4 cases of menstrual disorders (oligomenorrhea) within 2 years of use and the pills were discontinued. There was 1 case of hypomenorrhea and 1 case of pregnancy with eutocia. Norbiogest, a predominantly gestagen-containing sequential, 2-phase preparation was used by 106 women for 1-10 years. 15 complications occurred (14.1%) consisting of hypo-, oligo-, and amenorrhea, menstrual disorders (2 cases), and lower abdominal pain (6 cases). A liver test was positive in 1 woman who used Norbiogest for 4 years. Monogest, a gestagen preparation for continuous use, was used by 20 women with 4 instances of missed menstruation. 1 case of longer amenorrhea and 1 case of irregular bleeding occurred, manifesting mostly as metrorrhagia. Non-Ovlon, a one-phase preparation, was used by 52 women. After 2 years of use, liver tests became positive. The pill was discontinued, and the tests became negative. Yermonil, a one-phase combined product, was used by 24 women without complications, although 2 women decided to quit using it. There were a total of 25 complications in the sample amounting to 10.8%.

• Keywords
• Abortion, Induced *, Abortion, Spontaneous *, Biology, Clinical Research *, Contraception, Contraception Research *, Contraceptive Agents, Female--side effects *, Contraceptive Agents--side effects, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Czechoslovakia, Developed Countries, Diseases, Eastern Europe, Europe, Family Planning, Fertility Control, Postconception, Hepatic Effects *, Menstruation Disorders *, Oral Contraceptives, Combined--side effects *, Oral Contraceptives, Phasic--side effects *, Oral Contraceptives--side effects, Physiology, Pregnancy Complications, Research Methodology,
• MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH

The authors investigated a wide spectrum of biochemical indicators in 3 groups of women--34 healthy women, 27 pregnant women, and 59 women who took oral contraceptives (OCs). In the present paper, the authors paid particular attention to the group of healthy women and those taking OCs. They found a significant difference in the albumin turbidity reaction, the positive character of which is mainly due to changes in the albumin structures. Attention is drawn to possible metabolic changes in album synthesis and effects on the liver when OCs are used. (author's modified)

• Keywords
• Contraception *, Contraceptive Agents, Contraceptive Agents, Female *, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Family Planning, Hepatic Effects, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *, Pregnancy *, Reproduction, Reproductive Control Agents *,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Liver enzymology   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal pharmacology   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral pharmacology   MeSH
• Blood Proteins analysis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipids blood   MeSH
• Serum Albumin analysis   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH
• Blood Proteins MeSH
• Lipids MeSH
• Serum Albumin MeSH

Administration of oral contraceptives (OCs) is followed by the development of pathological changes in the vascular wall and in coagulation. 77 women who had used OCs were examined by the Ethanol gelification test (EGT) to reveal eventual marks of pathological intravascular coagulation. The authors found a positive correlation in 8 cases (10.4%). In a control group of 64 female blood doners who did not use OCs, no woman had a positive EGT test. In the group with a positive EGT, pain occurred in the calves more frequently and 2 women had thrombophlebitis. (author's modified)

• Keywords
• Biology, Blood Coagulation Effects *, Contraception *, Contraceptive Agents, Contraceptive Agents, Female *, Contraceptive Methods--side effects, Family Planning, Hematological Effects, Hemic System, Laboratory Procedures, Oral Contraceptives--side effects *, Pain, Physiology, Reproductive Control Agents *, Thrombophlebitis,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Blood Coagulation drug effects   MeSH
• Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Thromboembolism chemically induced   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• English Abstract MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Contraceptives, Oral MeSH