The impact of high-intensity exercise on disease progression and muscle contractile properties in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains unclear. Control (CON) and EAE rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Before onset (experiment 1, n=40) and after hindquarter paralysis (experiment 2, n=40), isokinetic foot extensor strength, cross sectional area (CSA) of tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed. EAE reduced muscle fiber CSA of TA, EDL and SOL. In general, exercise was not able to affect CSA, whereas it delayed hindquarter paralysis peak. CON muscle work peaked and declined, while it remained stable in EAE. BDNF-responses were not affected by EAE or exercise. In conclusion, EAE affected CSA-properties of TA, EDL and SOL, which could, partly, explain the absence of peak work during isokinetic muscle performance in EAE-animals. However, exercise was not able to prevent muscle fiber atrophy.

• MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální krev   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kondiční příprava zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svalová vlákna patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor krev   MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• svalová síla MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH

We aimed to determine whether 10 days of treadmill exercise can increase skeletal muscle mass and intramuscular concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Forty female Lewis rats were randomly assigned to either EAE sedentary (EAE-Sed), EAE exercise (EAE-Ex), Control sedentary (Con-Sed) and Control exercise (Con-Ex). Exercising animals completed a 10 day forced exercising training program. Hind limb skeletal muscles were excised and weighed with soleus muscle used for BDNF and NGF quantification. Statistical analysis was done using a one-way analysis of variance. Disability was more pronounced in the EAE-Ex group than in the EAE-Sed group. Exercising animals (EAE-Ex and Con-Ex) had significantly greater bilateral EDL, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle mass compared to their sedentary animals (p=0.01). The EAE-Ex group had significantly higher NGF concentrations (1.98+/-0.3 pg/mg) compared to Con-Ex (0.96+/-0.07 pg/mg, p=0.003) and Con-Sed (1.2+/-0.2 pg/mg, p=0.04) groups. The main effect of exercise represented a significantly lower BDNF concentrations in the soleus of exercising animals compared to sedentary animals (p=0.03). Our study provides preliminary evidence that exercise increases skeletal muscle mass despite the early onset of disability in EAE animals.

• MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální patologie   terapie   MeSH
• kondiční příprava zvířat metody   MeSH
• kosterní svaly růst a vývoj   patologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• nervový růstový faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• sedavý životní styl MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• terapie cvičením metody   MeSH
• zadní končetina patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH
• nervový růstový faktor MeSH

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) represents the mouse model of multiple sclerosis, a devastating neurological disorder. EAE development and progression involves the infiltration of different immune cells into the brain and spinal cord. However, less is known about a potential role of eosinophil granulocytes for EAE disease pathogenesis. In the present study, we found enhanced eosinophil abundance accompanied by increased concentration of the eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin-1 in the spinal cord in the course of EAE induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. However, the absence of eosinophils did not affect neuroinflammation, demyelination and clinical development or severity of EAE, as assessed in ∆dblGATA1 eosinophil-deficient mice. Taken together, despite their enhanced abundance in the inflamed spinal cord during disease progression, eosinophils were dispensable for EAE development.

• Klíčová slova
• Autoimmunity, Demyelination, EAE, Eosinophils, MOG,
• MeSH
• chemokin CCL11 metabolismus   MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální krev   diagnóza   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• eozinofily imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• glykoprotein v myelinu oligodendrocytů aplikace a dávkování   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mícha imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty aplikace a dávkování   imunologie   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza krev   diagnóza   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• Ccl11 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• chemokin CCL11 MeSH
• glykoprotein v myelinu oligodendrocytů MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty MeSH

Toxocara canis, a gastrointestinal parasite of canids, is also highly prevalent in many paratenic hosts, such as mice and humans. As with many other helminths, the infection is associated with immunomodulatory effects, which could affect other inflammatory conditions including autoimmune and allergic diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of T. canis infection on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Mice infected with 2 doses of 100 T. canis L3 larvae 5 weeks prior to EAE induction (the Tc+EAE group) showed higher EAE clinical scores and greater weight loss compared to the non-infected group with induced EAE (the EAE group). Elevated concentrations of all measured serum cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were observed in the Tc+EAE group compared to the EAE group. In the CNS, the similar number of regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4+FoxP3+Helios+) but their decreased proportion from total CD4+ cells was found in the Tc+EAE group compared to the EAE group. This could indicate that the group Tc+EAE harboured significantly more CD4+ T cells of non-Treg phenotype within the affected CNS. Altogether, our results demonstrate that infection of mice with T. canis worsens the course of subsequently induced EAE. Further studies are, therefore, urgently needed to reveal the underlying pathological mechanisms and to investigate possible risks for the human population, in which exposure to T. canis is frequent.

• Klíčová slova
• EAE, MOG, Toxocara canis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, helminth, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty patologie   MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální * patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * patologie   MeSH
• Toxocara canis * MeSH
• toxokaróza * komplikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH

The incidences of multiple sclerosis have risen worldwide, yet neither the trigger nor efficient treatment is known. Some research is dedicated to looking for treatment by parasites, mainly by helminths. However, little is known about the effect of helminths that infect the nervous system. Therefore, we chose the neurotropic avian schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti, which strongly promotes M2 polarization and tissue repair in the central nervous system, and we tested its effect on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Surprisingly, the symptoms of EAE tended to worsen after the infection with T. regenti. The infection did not stimulate tissue repair, as indicated by the similar level of demyelination. Eosinophils heavily infiltrated the infected tissue, and the microglia number increased as well. Furthermore, splenocytes from T. regenti-infected EAE mice produced more interferon (IFN)-γ than splenocytes from EAE mice after stimulation with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Our research indicates that the combination of increased eosinophil numbers and production of IFN-γ tends to worsen the EAE symptoms. Moreover, the data highlight the importance of considering the direct effect of the parasite on the tissue, as the migrating parasite may further tissue damage and make tissue repair even more difficult.

• Klíčová slova
• EAE, IFN-γ, Trichobilharzia regenti, demyelination, eosinophilia, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, neurotropic parasite, neurotropic schistosome,
• MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální * imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• eozinofily imunologie   MeSH
• interferon gama * metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae fyziologie   MeSH
• slezina patologie   parazitologie   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• interferon gama * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) fellowship programme was established in 2014, allowing nine surgeons annually to obtain experience and skills in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) from specialist centres across the Europe and United States. It aligns with the strategic focus of EAES Education and Training Committee on enabling Learning Mobility opportunities. To assess the impact of the programme, a survey was conducted aiming to evaluate the experience and impact of the programme and receive feedback for improvements. METHODS: A survey using a 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate clinical, education and research experience. The impact on acquisition of new technical skills, change in clinical practice and ongoing collaboration with the host institute was assessed. The fellows selected between 2014 and 2018 were included. Ratings were analysed in percentage; thematic analysis was applied to the free-text feedbacks using qualitative analysis. RESULTS: All the fellows had good access to observing in operating theatres and 70.6% were able to assist. 91.2% participated in educational activities and 23.5% were able to contribute through teaching. 44.1% participated in research activities and 41.2% became an author/co-author of a publication from the host. 97.1% of fellows stated that their operative competency had increased, 94.3% gained new surgical skills and 85.7% was able to introduce new techniques in their hospitals. 74.29% agreed that the clinical experience led to a change in their practices. The most commonly suggested improvements were setting realistic target in clinical and research areas, increasing fellowship duration, and maximising theatre assisting opportunities. Nevertheless, 100% of fellows would recommend the fellowship to their peers. CONCLUSION: EAES fellowship programme has shown a positive impact on acquiring and adopting new MIS techniques. To further refine the programme, an individualised approach should be adopted to set achievable learning objectives in clinical skills, education and research.

• Klíčová slova
• EAES, Education, Fellow, Fellowship, Minimally invasive, Training,
• MeSH
• chirurgové * MeSH
• endoskopie MeSH
• klinické kompetence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• miniinvazivní chirurgické výkony výchova   MeSH
• stipendia * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

The aim of this paper was to summarise knowledge of IL-22 involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the possible link between IL-22 and two transcription factors - AHR and c-Maf. The conclusion is that despite numerous studies, the exact role of IL-22 in the pathogenesis of MS is still unknown. The expression and function of c-Maf in MS have not been studied. It seems that the functions of c-Maf and AHR are at least partly connected with IL-22, as both directly or indirectly influence the regulation of IL-22 expression. This possible connection has never been studied in MS.

• Klíčová slova
• AHR, EAE, IL-22, c-Maf, multiple sclerosis, transcription factors,
• MeSH
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční fyziologie   MeSH
• interleukin 22 MeSH
• interleukiny fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• receptory aromatických uhlovodíků fyziologie   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza etiologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adaptorové proteiny signální transdukční MeSH
• AHR protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• CMIP protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• interleukiny MeSH
• receptory aromatických uhlovodíků MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH

AIMS: The neuropeptide galanin is a widely distributed neurotransmitter/neuromodulator that regulates a variety of physiological processes and also participates in the regulation of stress responses. The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of galanin receptors (GalR1, GalR2, GalR3) in the spinal cords in a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using qPCR analysis and to determine GalR1 cellular localization (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and endothelial cells in the capillaries) by immunohistochemistry. METHODS: Twelve samples from the EAE group and 14 samples from the control group were analyzed. Spinal cords samples were obtained at the peak of the EAE disease. RESULTS: The GalR1 mRNA level was significantly decreased in the EAE mice compared with the controls (P=0.016), whereas the mRNA levels of GalR2 and GalR3 were not significantly different for the EAE and the control mice. No significant correlations were found between the severity of the EAE disease and the mRNA levels of GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3. Immunochemical detection of the GalR1 revealed its expression in the ependymal and endothelial cells. Additionally, a weak GalR1 immunoreactivity was occasionally detected in the oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence of galanin involvement in EAE pathophysiology, but this has to be further investigated.

• Klíčová slova
• GalR1, GalR2, GalR3, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, galanin, immunohistochemistry, mRNA, multiple sclerosis,
• MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální * MeSH
• endoteliální buňky MeSH
• galanin * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• mícha metabolismus   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• receptor galaninu typ 2 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory galaninové genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• galanin * MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• receptor galaninu typ 2 MeSH
• receptory galaninové MeSH

An antigen non-specific suppressor factor (SF4) produced by a permanent mouse T cell line inhibits the mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferation of cells in vitro. The suppression of immune response is not restricted by interspecies barrier. Administration of the SF4 factor in vivo had a significant suppressive effect on the induction and manifestation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. Rats treated with SF4 factor, the first dose being injected on the day of EAE induction, had no clinical manifestations or developed only mild clinical signs of EAE. Administration of the SF4 starting on day 4 after EAE induction, when the immune system had been activated, depressed the course of EAE. The results obtained in this model autoimmune disease indicate that the described suppressor factor is active in vivo and that it may be used to depress the autoaggressive immune reactions.

• MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• encefalomyelitida autoimunitní experimentální prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• konkanavalin A farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• supresorové faktory imunologické imunologie   farmakologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• konkanavalin A MeSH
• supresorové faktory imunologické MeSH

The problems are overviewed with performing revascularization of the coronary bed when in diffuse affliction. The unique way how to revascularize a progressive atherosclerotic disorder of the coronary bed consists in elimination of a degenerated portion of the coronary vessel which is endarterectomy (EAE). This method is specially important in ischemic myocardium supplied with so disordered coronary. The EAE of the coronaries is of routine use with some extended working sites. However, they are not rare to take this method with some objections. These are due to a higher risk in performing surgery and scepticism upon the long term patency of the endarterectomized artery. Because of a polymorph character of atherosclerotic process, one should hardly mention some randomized studies able to prove both inconvenience and advantages of the method. Nevertheless, the large sets are known to exist at present which document the benefit of the EAE method from the scope of both immediate and long term results. This method is only efficient under the condition of a perfect technical skill as well as peculiar and total EAE completion. Besides the known "gas EAE" and "manual EAE" techniques, the authors present a new EAE approach developed by their own using the solution which is injected under tension into the separation layer. The EAE method appeared to be valuable on multiple cardio-surgical centres when correctly indicated and performed including the instantaneous recognition and correction of imminent complications. The authors' experience is in accord with the above conditions.

• MeSH
• endarterektomie * MeSH
• koronární cévy chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci koronárních tepen chirurgie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH