Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases. It is a complex trait resulting from the interactions of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, not only genetic but also epigenetic inheritance plays a significant role. One can speculate that hypertension develops as a consequence of "errors" in well-coordinated regulatory systems of blood pressure. Errors in the cascade of molecular, biochemical and genetic processes, which regulate blood pressure, have finally enough potential to result in hypertension. Numerous environmental factors surrounding the organism during its development should influence the expression of genetic information. However, despite the considerable research effort, it is still difficult to identify all genes and/or other genetic determinants leading to essential hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. This is mainly because these diseases usually become a medical problem in adulthood, although their roots might be traced back to earlier stages of ontogeny. The link between distinct developmental periods (e.g. birth and adulthood) should involve changes in gene expression involving epigenetic phenomena. The purpose of the present paper is to bring a piece of light on gene-environmental interactions potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

• MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• hypertenze genetika   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rodokmen MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Pancreatic cancer (PC), particularly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is a significant global health issue with high mortality rates. PDAC, though only 3 % of cancer diagnoses, causes 7 % of cancer deaths due to its severity and asymptomatic early stages. Risk factors include lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions. Conditions like new-onset type 2 diabetes and chronic pancreatitis also contribute significantly. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD), and obesity. Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption increase PC risk, while NAFPD and obesity, particularly central adiposity, contribute through chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Refined sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are also linked to increased PC risk, especially among younger individuals. Hormonal treatments and medications like statins, aspirin, and metformin have mixed results on PC risk, with some showing protective effects. The gut microbiome influences PC through the gut-pancreas axis, with disruptions leading to inflammation and carcinogenesis. Exposure to toxic substances, including heavy metals and chemicals, is associated with increased PC risk. Glycome changes, such as abnormal glycosylation patterns, are significant in PDAC development and offer potential for early diagnosis. Interactions between environmental and genetic factors are crucial in PDAC susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to PDAC, but gene-environment interactions remain largely unexplored. Future research should focus on polygenic risk scores (PRS) and large-scale studies to better understand these interactions and their impact on PDAC risk.

• Klíčová slova
• Exposome, Pancreatic Cancer, Risk factors,
• MeSH
• duktální karcinom slinivky břišní * etiologie   epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• expozom * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní * etiologie   epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• životní styl * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence changes with time and by variations in diet and lifestyle, as evidenced historically by migrant studies and recently by extensive epidemiologic evidence. The worldwide heterogeneity in CRC incidence is strongly suggestive of etiological involvement of environmental exposures, particularly lifestyle and diet. It is established that physical inactivity, obesity and some dietary factors (red/processed meats, alcohol) are positively associated with CRC, while healthy lifestyle habits show inverse associations. Mechanistic evidence shows that lifestyle and dietary components that contribute to energy excess are linked with increased CRC via metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, bacterial dysbiosis and breakdown of gut barrier integrity while the reverse is apparent for components associated with decreased risk. This chapter will review the available evidence on lifestyle and dietary factors in CRC etiology and their underlying mechanisms in CRC development. This short review will also touch upon available information on potential gene-environment interactions, molecular sub-types of CRC and anatomical sub-sites within the colorectum.

• Klíčová slova
• Colorectal cancer, Diet, Environment, Etiology, Genetic interactions, Lifestyle, Mechanisms, Obesity,
• MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• interakce genů a prostředí MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• léky na předpis škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci * MeSH
• obezita komplikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• životní styl * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• léky na předpis MeSH

The effect of genetic and environmental factors on interindividual differences in GSR, heart rate and EP components of orienting reaction to neutral acoustical stimulus and to the same stimulus at a very high intensity was analysed in 22 pairs of monozygotic and 21 pairs of dizygotic twins. Genetic factors appeared to be important for the variability of all GSR characteristics, N100 and P180 EP amplitudes, magnitude of the HR response to the strong stimulus and HR habituation to the weak stimulus. Environmental factors influenced greatly the variances of late EP components but only in response to the weak stimulus. Different role of genetic and environmental factors in motivation and cognitive components of orienting reaction points to the involvement of several relatively independent functional systems in it.

• MeSH
• autonomní nervový systém fyziologie   MeSH
• behaviorální genetika MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojčata dizygotní MeSH
• dvojčata monozygotní MeSH
• galvanická kožní odpověď MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• orientace fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchové evokované potenciály * MeSH
• srdeční frekvence MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Environmental gradients, and particularly climatic variables, exert a strong influence on plant distribution and, potentially, population genetic diversity and differentiation. Differences in water availability can cause among-population variation in ecological processes and can thus interrupt populations' connectivity and isolate them environmentally. The present study examines the effect of environmental heterogeneity on plant populations due to environmental isolation unrelated to geographic distance. Using AFLP markers, we analyzed genetic diversity and differentiation among 12 Salvia spinosa populations and 13 Salvia syriaca populations from three phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian) representing the extent of the species' geographic range in Jordan. Differences in geographic location and climate were considered in the analyses. For both species, flowering phenology varied among populations and regions. Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations had higher genetic diversity than Mediterranean populations, and genetic diversity increased significantly with increasing temperature. Genetic diversity in Salvia syriaca was affected by population size, while genetic diversity responded to drought in S. spinosa. For both species, high levels of genetic differentiation were found as well as two well-supported phytogeographical groups of populations, with Mediterranean populations clustering in one group and the Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations in another. Genetic distance was significantly correlated to environmental distance, but not to geographic distance. Our data indicate that populations from moist vs. arid environments are environmentally isolated, where environmental gradients affect their flowering phenology, limit gene flow and shape their genetic structure. We conclude that environmental heterogeneity may act as driver for the observed variation in genetic diversity.

• Klíčová slova
• AFLP, Salvia spinosa, Salvia syriaca, drought, flowering phenology, genetic diversity, phytogeographic regions,
• MeSH
• analýza polymorfismu délky amplifikovaných restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• květy genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• šalvěj genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• tok genů MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jordánsko MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The high incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC), significantly associated with living environment and behaviour, can be prevented more efficiently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental and behavioural risk factors for HNC. METHODS: Using a detailed questionnaire on social status, education, living and occupational environment exposures, family cancer and lifestyle, HNC patients (103 cases, 76.7% of men) were compared with control subjects (244 subjects, 73% of men) balanced by age: mean (standard deviation) 63.8 (9.3) and 63.8 (9.0) for cases and controls, respectively. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that smoking and low education were significant risk factors for HNC regardless of sex. Family HNC and breast cancer were significant predictors of HNC risk. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed previous results that smoking and low education are significantly associated with HNC. Additionally, results pointed to significant HNC and breast cancer risk in HNC patient's families that may have originated from passive smoking or a smoking habit stemming from social environments that support it. Better dissemination programmes regarding smoking risks for children and adults are needed, targeting not only individuals but also families.

• Klíčová slova
• aetiology, education, family cancer, head and neck cancer, smoking,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku epidemiologie   etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sociální determinanty zdraví MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdravé chování * MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem * MeSH

Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.

• Klíčová slova
• environmental pollution, epigenetic changes, genetic infertility, semen quality, transgenerational effects,
• MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• sperma * MeSH
• spermie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Plants have evolved various strategies allowing them to be successful in heterogeneous habitats, including the number and size of the seeds they produce, mechanisms for their dispersal, seed dormancy, seed vigor, seed germination, etc [...].

• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

BACKGROUND: Both genetic and environmental factors are important in etiology of mental disorders. Calculating polyenviromic risk/protective scores provides an updated perspective in research on the environmental causes of psychiatric disorders. We aimed to compare environmental risk and protective factors in patients with psychosis or a mood disorder (PSYCH+MOOD) and those with an anxiety disorder (ANX). METHODS: We administered the internationally accepted questionnaire from the EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, enriched with mood and anxiety disorder-relevant measures, to patients at two large university hospitals in the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Ninety-four PSYCH+MOOD patients (average age 42.5 years; 46 males) and 52 ANX patients (average age 47.2 years; 17 males) participated. Neither polyenviromic risk score nor polyenviromic protective score differed significantly between PSYCH+MOOD and ANX groups (p = 0.149; p = 0.466, respectively). CONCLUSION: Scientific validity of the polyenviromic risk/protective score construct must still be demonstrated in large psychiatric samples, ideally in prospective studies. Nevertheless, researchers have already started to investigate environmental factors in the etiology of mental disorders in their complexity, similarly to polygenic risk scores.

• Klíčová slova
• anxiety disorders, environmental factors, mood disorders, schizophrenia, stress,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The goal of this study was to analyze the genetic and environmental factors of selected meat yield indicators in Fleckvieh cattle in the Czech Republic, through the application of station (S) and field (F) testing methods. Data collected from fattened bulls were analyzed for F (n = 9378) and for S (n = 6346). In the F method and the S method, the values of the main meat yield indicators were as follows: carcass weight 402.91 kg (F), 339.37 kg (S); carcass daily gain 626.05 g/day (F), 609.74 g/day (S); SEUROP carcass classification 2.73 (F), 2.19 (S). Environmental factors were found to have a significant impact on the selected meat yield indicators; their heritability ranged from 0.14 (SEUROP classification) to 0.33 (dressing percentage). The genetic trend was significantly positive only in relation to those meat yield traits, which had a positive link to the size or weight of the animal. The genetic correlation between observations obtained in the S and F methods of testing was very high in relation to the carcass daily gain (0.8351) and carcass weight (0.8244), while slightly lower correlations were calculated for the SEUROP classification. A genetic evaluation of the degree of fatness is not routinely performed in Fleckvieh populations, and the newly established heritability for this trait ranges between 0.17-0.20. The genetic correlation between beef yield indicators and the exterior trait of muscularity was also established, and shows a strong link to the net daily gain, the SEUROP classification and body weight (0.79-0.97). The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic and environmental effects on meat yield and also estimate genetic parameters for new traits. We can also state, based on the results, that a strong positive genetic trend is confirmed, especially in traits related to the size or weight of animals. This result can be used in breeding programs of dual-purpose cattle, where we can genetically improve the meat and milk yield through the body size.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Fleckvieh, SEUROP, beef traits, cattle, fatness, heritability,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH