Murine rodents are one of the most evolutionary successful groups of extant mammals. They are also important for human as vectors and reservoirs of zoonoses and agricultural pests. Unfortunately, their fast and relatively recent diversification impedes our understanding of phylogenetic relationships and species limits of many murine taxa, including those with very conspicuous phenotype that has been frequently used for taxonomic purposes. One of such groups are the striped grass mice (genus Lemniscomys), distributed across sub-Saharan Africa in 11 currently recognized species. These are traditionally classified into three morphological groups according to different pelage colouration on the back: (a) L. barbarus group (three species) with several continuous pale longitudinal stripes; (b) L. striatus group (four species) with pale stripes diffused into short lines or dots; and (c) L. griselda group (four species) with a single mid-dorsal black stripe. Here we reconstructed the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the genus Lemniscomys to date, using the largest currently available multi-locus genetic dataset of all but two species. The results show four main lineages (=species complexes) with the distribution corresponding to the major biogeographical regions of Africa. Surprisingly, the four phylogenetic lineages are only in partial agreement with the morphological classification, suggesting that the single-stripe and/or multi-striped phenotypes evolved independently in multiple lineages. Divergence dating showed the split of Lemniscomys and Arvicanthis genera at the beginning of Pleistocene; most of subsequent speciation processes within Lemniscomys were affected by Pleistocene climate oscillations, with predominantly allopatric diversification in fragmented savanna biome. We propose taxonomic suggestions and directions for future research of this striking group of African rodents.

• Klíčová slova
• Biogeography, Grass mouse, Phylogeny, Striped pelage colouration, Sub-Saharan Africa, Zebra mouse,
• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetické lokusy * MeSH
• haplotypy genetika   MeSH
• kalibrace MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mitochondrie genetika   MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• Sigmodontinae anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• subsaharská Afrika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

Aditoprim (ADP) is a newly developed antibacterial agent in veterinary medicine. The metabolism and disposition of ADP in swine, broilers, carp and rats were investigated by using a radio tracer method combined with a radioactivity detector and a liquid chromatography/ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After a single oral administration, more than 94% of the dose was recovered within 14 d in the four species. The urine excretion was dominant in swine and rats, making up 78% of the dose. N-monodesmethyl-ADP, N-didesmethyl-ADP, and 10 new metabolites were characterized. These metabolites were biotransformed from the process of demethylation, α-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, and NH2-glucuronidation. After an oral dose for 7 d, ADP-derived radioactivity was widely distributed in tissues, and high concentrations were especially observed in bile, liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. The radioactivity in the liver was eliminated much more slowly than in other tissues, with a half-life of 4.26, 3.38, 6.69, and 5.21 d in swine, broilers, carp, and rats, respectively. ADP, N-monodesmethyl-ADP, and N-didesmethyl-ADP were the major metabolites in edible tissues. Notably, ADP was detected with the highest concentration and the longest duration in these tissues. These findings indicated that ADP is the marker residue and the liver is the residue target tissue.

• MeSH
• adenosindifosfát metabolismus   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• kapři moč   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus moč   MeSH
• kur domácí moč   MeSH
• prasata moč   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• trimethoprim aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   farmakokinetika   moč   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus moč   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenosindifosfát MeSH
• aditoprim MeSH Prohlížeč
• trimethoprim MeSH

Excretion, disposition, and metabolism of [(3)H]-quinocetone in rats, pigs, broilers, and carp following oral administration were investigated. After a single p.o. dose, total radioactivity was rapidly excreted, with ⩾94% in all species within 14 days. Fecal excretion of radioactivity was 68% and 65% of the administered dose in rats and pigs, respectively, with the remainder excreted in the urine. Six hours after the last of seven daily oral administrations of (3)H-labeled QCT, radioactivity was found to be distributed throughout all tissues, with the majority of radioactivity cleared within 7 days, and elimination was the slowest from the liver and kidney. QCT was extensively metabolized in all of the species, and the primary changes included N-O group reduction, carbonyl group reduction, double bond reduction, and hydroxylation. The major tissue metabolites of QCT were Q2, Q4, Q5, Q8, and Q9 in rats; Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 in pigs; Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q7 in broilers; and Q1, Q2 in carp. This confirmed the potential link between QCT metabolism through N-O group reduction and its organ toxicity. The results of the present study provide important data that could help understand the relationship between the toxicities and metabolic disposition of QCT.

• Klíčová slova
• Disposition, Excretion, Metabolism, Quinocetone, Radioactivity isotope tracing, Toxicology,
• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• chinoxaliny aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   toxicita   MeSH
• feces MeSH
• kapři MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• Sus scrofa MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• tritium farmakokinetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chinoxaliny MeSH
• quinocetone MeSH Prohlížeč
• tritium MeSH

• MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lipnicovité * analýza   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfáty MeSH
• vápník MeSH

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is regarded as mostly anthroponotic, but a role for animal reservoir hosts in transmission has been suggested in East Africa. Field studies in this region have shown the presence of this parasite in several mammalian species, including rodents of the genera Arvicanthis and Mastomys. Further, the natural reservoirs of Leishmania (Mundinia) sp. causing human cutaneous disease in Ghana, West Africa, are unknown. This study assessed the potential role of the Sub-Saharan rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis as hosts of L. donovani and L. sp. from Ghana, based on experimental infections of animals and xenodiagnoses. The distribution and load of parasites were determined post mortem using qPCR from the blood, skin and viscera samples. The attractiveness of Arvicanthis and Mastomys to Phlebotomus orientalis was tested by pair-wise comparisons. None of the animals inoculated with L. donovani were infectious to P. orientalis females, although, in some animals, parasites were detected by PCR even 30 weeks post infection. Skin infections were characterized by low numbers of parasites while high parasite burdens were present in spleen, liver and lymph nodes only. Therefore, wild Arvicanthis and Mastomys found infected with L. donovani, should be considered parasite sinks rather than parasite reservoirs. This is indirectly supported also by results of host choice experiments with P. orientalis in which females preferred humans over both Arvicanthis and Mastomys, and their feeding rates on rodents ranged from 1.4 to 5.8% only. Therefore, the involvement of these rodents in transmission of L. donovani by P. orientalis is very unlikely. Similarly, poor survival of Leishmania parasites in the studied rodents and negative results of xenodiagnostic experiments do not support the involvement of Arvicanthis and Mastomys spp. in the transmission cycle of L. sp. from Ghana.

• Klíčová slova
• Grass rats, Multimammate mice, Mundinia, Reservoir hosts, Visceral leishmaniasis, Xenodiagnosis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is a typical zoonosis circulating in rodents. In Sub-Saharan Africa the reservoirs remain to be identified, although L. major has been detected in several rodent species including members of the genera Arvicanthis and Mastomys. However, differentiation of true reservoir hosts from incidental hosts requires in-depth studies both in the field and in the laboratory, with the best method for testing the infectiousness of hosts to biting vectors being xenodiagnosis. Here we studied experimental infections of three L. major strains in Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis; the infections were initiated either with sand fly-derived or with culture-derived Leishmania promastigotes. Inoculated rodents were monitored for several months and tested by xenodiagnoses for their infectiousness to Phlebotomus duboscqi, the natural vector of L. major in Sub-Saharan Africa. The distribution and load of parasites were determined post mortem using qPCR from the blood, skin and viscera samples. The attractiveness of Arvicanthis and Mastomys to P. duboscqi was tested by pair-wise comparisons. Three L. major strains used significantly differed in infectivity: the Middle Eastern strain infected a low proportion of rodents, while two Sub-Saharan isolates (LV109, LV110) infected a high percentage of animals and LV110 also produced higher parasite loads in all host species. All three rodent species maintained parasites of the LV109 strain for 20-25 weeks and were able to infect P. duboscqi without apparent health complications: infected animals showed only temporary swellings or changes of pigmentation at the site of inoculation. However, the higher infection rates, more generalized distribution of parasites and longer infectiousness period to sand flies in M. natalensis suggest that this species plays the more important reservoir role in the life cycle of L. major in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arvicanthis species may serve as potential reservoirs in seasons/periods of low abundance of Mastomys.

• Klíčová slova
• Arvicanthis, Grass rats, Leishmaniases, Mastomys, Multimammate mice, Wild reservoir, Xenodiagnosis,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The most promising direction in the treatment of chronic prostatitis is the use of medicinal plants and preparations based on them, which contain natural compounds with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity: anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, reparative, immunomodulatory, hormone-regulating, antisclerotic, etc., and which can provide a complex therapeutic effect on the course of chronic prostatitis. A promising raw material in this direction is Tribulus terrestris L., a herbal preparation traditionally used to treat erectile dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This experimental work aims to study the anti-inflammatory activity of a thick extract of the Tribulus terrestris grass (freed from fruits) on the models of carrageenan and zymosan inflammation in rats. In the models of carrageenan and zymosan edema in rats, a thick extract of Tribulus terrestris L. in doses from 50 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg shows anti-inflammatory activity, the efficacy of which in the dose range of 150-200 mg/g in the initial stages of carrageenan inflammation is not inferior to sodium diclofenac at a dose of 8.0 mg/kg, and in the initial stages of zymosan inflammation, respectively, before the reference drug corvitin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. It indicates the anticyclogenase and antilipoxygenase properties of this thick extract.

• Klíčová slova
• Tribulus terrestris, anti-inflammatory effect, corvitin, diclofenac sodium, thick extract,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika farmakologie   MeSH
• karagenan MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prostatitida * MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• Tribulus * MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• zymosan MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika MeSH
• karagenan MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• zymosan MeSH

The study presents a novel vancomycin-releasing collagen wound dressing derived from Cyprinus carpio collagen type I cross-linked with carbodiimide which retarded the degradation rate and increased the stability of the sponge. Following lyophilization, the dressings were subjected to gamma sterilization. The structure was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy images, micro-computed tomography, and infrared spectrometry. The structural stability and vancomycin release properties were evaluated in phosphate buffered saline. Microbiological testing and a rat model of a wound infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were then employed to test the efficacy of the treatment of the infected wound. Following an initial mass loss due to the release of vancomycin, the sponges remained stable. After 7 days of exposure in phosphate buffered saline (37°C), 60% of the material remained with a preserved collagen secondary structure together with a high degree of open porosity (over 80%). The analysis of the release of vancomycin revealed homogeneous distribution of the antibiotic both across and between the sponges. The release of vancomycin was retarded as proved by in vitro testing and further confirmed by the animal model from which measurable concentrations were observed in blood samples 24 hours after the subcutaneous implantation of the sponge, which was more than observed following intraperitoneal administration. The sponge was also highly effective in terms of reducing the number of colony-forming units in biopsies extracted from the infected wounds 4 days following the inoculation of the wounds with the MRSA solution. The presented sponges have ideal properties to serve as wound dressing for prevention of surgical site infection or treatment of already infected wounds.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakokinetika   MeSH
• hojení ran účinky léků   MeSH
• kapři MeSH
• karbodiimidy farmakokinetika   MeSH
• kolagen farmakokinetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků   MeSH
• obvazy MeSH
• vankomycin farmakokinetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• karbodiimidy MeSH
• kolagen MeSH
• vankomycin MeSH

Improved strain of Candida tropicalis 2838 grows on nonseparated straw hydrolyzates with no addition of vitamins and trace elements at a specific growth rate mu = 0.34 and 44% yield coefficient (referred to reducing substances). The reducing substances in hydrolyzates contain predominantly monosaccharides (xylose, glucose, arabinose, mannose). Cells grown in this way are rich in proteins (62%) and essential amino acids (lysine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine and valine). The product obtained under industrial conditions by fermentation of the nonseparated hydrolyzates contains 8--9% of proteins and it is a suitable supplement of fodder mixtures for monogastric domestic animals. Nutrition tests on rats and pigs indicated that this product can substitute the hay-flour, and, partially, blood-flour barley, and that the strain used is nonpathogenic.

• MeSH
• Candida růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• celulosa metabolismus   MeSH
• fortifikované potraviny MeSH
• fungální proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hydrolýza MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata * MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lipnicovité * MeSH
• monosacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• celulosa MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• monosacharidy MeSH

The nucleic acid sequence of the preproinsulin cDNA of carp (Cyprinus carpio), cloned in the PstI site of pBR322 ( Liebscher et al. 1980), has been determined. The sequenced insert of 439 bp includes the complete coding information for carp preproinsulin (108 amino acids), 10 nucleotides of the 5'-and 105 nucleotides of the 3'-nontranslated regions. The nucleotide sequence confirms the previously established amino acid sequence of carp insulin ( Makower et al. 1982) and determines those of the signal 21 amino acids and C peptide (35 amino acids). The observed shortness of the signal peptide of carp preproinsulin and the N-terminal addition of 2 amino acids to the carp insulin B chain suggest that the cleavage site of the signal peptidase has moved. Calculations based on the comparison of known preproinsulin cDNA sequences showed that the evolutionary distance between fresh water and salt water teleostians is not smaller than that between man and chicken.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• C-peptid MeSH
• Cyprinidae genetika   MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• inzulin genetika   MeSH
• kapři genetika   MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• proinsulin genetika   MeSH
• proteinové prekurzory genetika   MeSH
• proteiny - lokalizační signály MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• C-peptid MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• peptidy MeSH
• preproinsulin MeSH Prohlížeč
• proinsulin MeSH
• proteinové prekurzory MeSH
• proteiny - lokalizační signály MeSH