Medicines for self-medication (over-the-counter, OTC) are available through pharmacies, in some countries they are also available in supermarkets and other outlets. The use of OTC in European Union countries shows some differences at national level, in pharmacies and in patients preference. This study aimed to completing the lists of marketed OTC in Czech Republic and Greece. Next topics are: finding out the real range of OTC products offered by pharmacies, finding and evaluating number of packages sold in pharmacies in 20 particular common OTC in 2016, and indentification of factors influencing the sales. Web pages of national drug authorities (Czech Republic, Greece) were searched to complete lists of marketed OTC in each country. Data on range of OTC drugs and sales of them were extracted from computer systems (Czech Republic) and other types of documents (Greece) kept in pharmacies. The percentage of the real range of OTC products in pharmacies was calculated as the ratio to the number of OTC in national lists. Numbers of sold packages were compared among pharmacies. Classification system ATC (anatomical/therapeutical/chemical) was employed to present findings in all parts of the research. The Czech list contained 1,160 of marketed OTC in 10 ATC (1st level), with the maximum in ATC R (243 drugs). The Greek list contained 1,254 OTC in 13 ATC (1st level), with the maximum in ATC D (272 drugs). In lists of both countries, there were detected 86 drugs identical in 9 ATC (1st level). At least one OTC in each of 10 listed ATC was found in Czech pharmacies as a part of range of products, the range of OTC in Greek pharmacies comprised 11 ATC. The highest sales (year 2016) were found in ATC R (drug ACC long tbl eff) in CR and in ATC A (drug: Imodium cps) in Greece. The differences in the range of OTC drugs and in their sales were found between Czech Republic and Greece, and between types of pharmacies inside each country. Factors influencing them were detected: ownership of the pharmacy, locality (number of inhabitants). OTC drugs pharmacy Czech Republic Greece.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, Greece, OTC drugs, pharmacy,
• MeSH
• lékárny * MeSH
• léky bez předpisu zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Řecko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• léky bez předpisu MeSH

Greece represents an important area for wild birds due to its geographical position and habitat diversity. Although the bird species in Greece are well recorded, the information about the chewing lice that infest them is practically non-existent. Thus, the aim of the present study was to record the species of lice infesting wild birds in northern Greece and furthermore, to associate the infestation prevalence with factors such as the age, sex, migration and social behaviour of the host as well as the time of the year. In total 729 birds, (belonging to 9 orders, 32 families and 68 species) were examined in 7 localities of northern Greece, during 9 ringing sessions from June 2013 until October 2015. Eighty (11%) of the birds were found to be infested with lice. In 31 different bird species, 560 specimens of lice, belonging to 33 species were recorded. Mixed infestations were recorded in 11 cases where birds were infested with 2-3 different lice species. Four new host-parasite associations were recorded i.e. Menacanthus curuccae from Acrocephalus melanopogon, Menacanthus agilis from Cettia cetti, Myrsidea sp. from Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, and Philopretus citrinellae from Spinus spinus. Moreover, Menacanthus sinuatus was detected on Poecile lugubris, rendering this report the first record of louse infestation in this bird species. The statistical analysis of the data collected showed no association between parasitological parameters (prevalence, mean and median intensity and mean abundance) in two different periods of the year (breeding vs post-breeding season). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of infestation between a) migrating and sedentary passerine birds (7.4% vs 13.2%), b) colonial and territorial birds (54.5% vs 9.6%), and c) female and male birds in breeding period (2.6% vs 15.6%).

• Klíčová slova
• Amblycera, Chewing lice, Greece, Ischnocera, Mediterranean area, Phthiraptera, Wild passerine birds,
• MeSH
• Amblycera fyziologie   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• Ischnocera fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• Phthiraptera fyziologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci parazitologie   MeSH
• zavšivení epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko epidemiologie   MeSH

Wild birds are common hosts of ticks and can transport them for long distances, contributing to the spreading of tick-borne pathogens. The information about ticks on birds and tick-borne pathogens in Greece is limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and species of ticks infesting wild resident birds (mostly small passerines) in Greece, and to assess Borrelia and Rickettsia infection in the collected ticks. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was performed by nested PCR targeting the flaB gene. Rickettsia spp. were detected by PCR targeting the gltA and ompA genes. Seven (2 %) out of 403 birds examined in northern Greece in 2013 were infested with 15 ticks, identified as Ixodes frontalis, Ixodes acuminatus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma aegyptium and Hyalomma sp. All ticks were negative for Borrelia spp. while four of them were positive for rickettsiae (Rickettsia aeschlimannii in H. aegyptium and Rickettsia sp. in I. frontalis, H. aegyptium and H. marginatum). Ixodes acuminatus is reported for the first time in Greece and Sylvia borin is reported as a new host record for I. acuminatus.

• Klíčová slova
• Birds, Borrelia, Greece, Rickettsia, Tick-borne pathogens, Ticks,
• MeSH
• Borrelia izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata * MeSH
• infestace klíšťaty epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Ixodidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• Rickettsia izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko epidemiologie   MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• GREECE *, PUBLIC HEALTH *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reproductive health issues in Greece. METHODS: Analysis of hospital data and national registry reports. RESULTS: The rate of population growth in Greece is declining and is now 0.99% p.a. The maternal mortality ratio is approximately 3.6 per 100,000 live births, and perinatal and infant mortality are approximately 10/1,000 and 16/1,000 respectively. However, only 28-30% of sexually active women use contraception and approximately 300,000 terminations are performed each year. Sexually transmitted diseases are less common than in 1985: the incidence of syphilis is less than 4 per 100,000 population and that of gonorrhoea is less than 25/100,000. Between 1984 and September 1996, 1,421 cases of AIDS were reported; of these, 1,252 (88.1%) were in men and 169 (11.9%) in women. The incidence of human papilloma virus infection increased and at least 30% of sexually active women are infected. CONCLUSION: Good reproductive health is of major importance to women and health agencies but there are still significant obstacles to overcome in some regions.

• MeSH
• fertilita * MeSH
• infertilita epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• kojenecká mortalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřská mortalita MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• sexuálně přenosné nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• služby plánování rodičovství MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko epidemiologie   MeSH

During an excursion to northern Greece, a new species of Pseudomyllocerus Desbrochers des Loges, 1872 was discovered. It is described here as Pseudomyllocerus thracicus Germann, Kakiopoulos and Borovec sp. nov. and compared to all hitherto known species of that genus. Based on the examination of specimens, the new synonymies Pseudomyllocerus canescens (Germar, 1823) = P. invreae (F. Solari, 1948) syn. nov., and P. canescens = P. ophthalmicus (Stierlin, 1888) syn. nov. are established.

• MeSH
• anatomické struktury zvířat anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• nosatcovití * anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH

We describe and illustrate a new species of pselaphine beetles, Paramaurops zagoricus sp. n., from the Zagori region of Epirus, Greece. A list summarising the distribution of Amauropini known from Greece is also provided.

• MeSH
• brouci klasifikace   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Balkánský poloostrov MeSH
• Řecko MeSH

The aim of this study is to prove that at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC at the latest an independent gynaecological tradition was formed within the Greek art of healing, from which the later Classical Graeco-Roman medicine drew inspiration. In this paper, the archaeological (especially the terracotta figurines and models and scenes painted on vases) and literary (the economic records and poetry excerpts) sources for the development of gynaecology from the advanced phases of the 2nd millennium until 500 BC are presented. The preserved sources clearly indicate that the Greek medicine reached some positive achievements already before 500 BC. Already in that period it put emphasis on the gynaecological issues. The described sources well illustrate also the development of the religious and mythological ideas related to the gynaecological, or the gynaecological-obstetrical aspect of healing, represented by Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, which was worshiped in the Greek world already since the Bronze Age. The Ancient Greek medicine has got the important place in the history of the European and world medical science. In the frame of medicine of the period in question, it is possible to trace back to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC the specific healing-gynaecological tradition, with an emphasis on the obstetrics. In this tradition, a combination of rational, empirical and religious aspects was used. The terracotta models from the 9th-8th centuries BC point on the widely used practice of midwifery, too. Unfortunately, it is not possible to clearly discern if the midwifes existed already before 500 BC as a specific and independent medical occupation.

• Klíčová slova
• Antiquity, Archaeology, Greece, gynaecology, history, obstetrics,
• MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• gynekologie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• řecká civilizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH

Polydrusus (Polydrusus) kadleci sp. n. from northeastern Turkey and western Iran and P. (Polydrusus) wymanni sp. n. from Samos Island (Greece) are described. Both species show characteristic raised setae on the pronotum and elytra, the length of which is apparently sexually dimorphic. The lectotype of P. (Polydrusus) mecedanus Reitter, 1908 is designated. New faunistic data of other species near P. (Polydrusus) reitteri Stierlin, 1884 are presented.

• MeSH
• brouci anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH
• Řecko MeSH
• Turecko MeSH

The current study reports an ethnobotanical field investigation of traditionally gathered and consumed wild greens (Chorta) in one of the five so-called Blue Zones in the world: Ikaria Isle, Greece. Through 31 semi-structured interviews, a total of 56 wild green plants were documented along with their culinary uses, linguistic labels, and locally perceived tastes. Most of the gathered greens were described as bitter and associated with members of Asteraceae and Brassicaceae botanical families (31%), while among the top-quoted wild greens, species belonging to these two plant families accounted for 50% of the wild vegetables, which were consumed mostly cooked. Cross-cultural comparison with foraging in other areas of the central-eastern Mediterranean and the Near East demonstrated a remarkable overlapping of Ikarian greens with Cretan and Sicilian, as well as in the prevalence of bitter-tasting botanical genera. Important differences with other wild greens-related food heritage were found, most notably with the Armenian and Kurdish ones, which do not commonly feature many bitter greens. The proven role of extra-oral bitter taste receptors in the modulation of gastric emptying, glucose absorption and crosstalk with microbiota opens new ways of looking at these differences, in particular with regard to possible health implications. The present study is also an important attempt to preserve and document the bio-cultural gastronomic heritage of Chorta as a quintessential part of the Mediterranean diet. The study recommends that nutritionists, food scientists, and historians, as well as policymakers and practitioners, pay the required attention to traditional rural dietary systems as models of sustainable health.

• Klíčová slova
• Chorta, Ikaria, Mediterranean diet, ethnobiology, extra-oral taste receptors, food culture, taste perception,
• MeSH
• chuť * MeSH
• jedlé rostliny MeSH
• strava středomořská * MeSH
• zelenina MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH