Tissue imaging in 3D using visible light is limited and various clearing techniques were developed to increase imaging depth, but none provides universal solution for all tissues at all developmental stages. In this review, we focus on different tissue clearing methods for 3D imaging of heart and vasculature, based on chemical composition (solvent-based, simple immersion, hyperhydration, and hydrogel embedding techniques). We discuss in detail compatibility of various tissue clearing techniques with visualization methods: fluorescence preservation, immunohistochemistry, nuclear staining, and fluorescent dyes vascular perfusion. We also discuss myocardium visualization using autofluorescence, tissue shrinking, and expansion. Then we overview imaging methods used to study cardiovascular system and live imaging. We discuss heart and vessels segmentation methods and image analysis. The review covers the whole process of cardiovascular system 3D imaging, starting from tissue clearing and its compatibility with various visualization methods to the types of imaging methods and resulting image analysis.

• Klíčová slova
• Biology Experimental Methods, Imaging Methods in Chemistry, Optical Imaging,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• EPIDEMIOLOGY *, HEALTH SURVEYS *,
• MeSH
• epidemiologické metody * MeSH
• epidemiologie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Basidiomycetes are used in industrial processes, in basic or applied research, teaching, systematic and biodiversity studies. Efficient work with basidiomycete cultures requires their reliable source, which is ensured by their safe long-term storage. Repeated subculturing, frequently used for the preservation, is time-consuming, prone to contamination, and does not prevent genetic and physiological changes during long-term maintenance. Various storage methods have been developed in order to eliminate these disadvantages. Besides lyophilization (unsuitable for the majority of basidiomycetes), cryopreservation at low temperatures seems to be a very efficient way to attain this goal. Besides survival, another requirement for successful maintenance of fungal strains is the ability to preserve their features unchanged. An ideal method has not been created so far. Therefore it is highly desirable to develop new or improve the current preservation methods, combining advantages and eliminate disadvantages of individual techniques. Many reviews on preservation of microorganisms including basidiomycetes have been published, but the progress in the field requires an update. Although herbaria specimens of fungi (and of basidiomycetes in particular) are very important for taxonomic and especially typological studies, this review is limited to live fungal cultures.

• Klíčová slova
• Fungi, Maintenance methods,
• MeSH
• Basidiomycota fyziologie   MeSH
• mykologie metody   MeSH
• ochrana biologická metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

A study of people's reasons for choosing a method for suicide indicated that females are more concerned with quickness, painfulness and disfigurement, but less concerned with the availability of the method. Those choosing guns were more concerned about the quickness of the method and less concerned about disfigurement. These results were discussed for their implications as to whether people will switch methods for suicide if one method is made less easily available.

• MeSH
• bolest MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metody MeSH
• otrava oxidem uhelnatým MeSH
• otrava MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sebevražda * MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• střelné rány MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• EPIDEMIOLOGY *, PUBLIC HEALTH *,
• MeSH
• epidemiologické metody * MeSH
• epidemiologie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Gene editing, microscopy, omics, plant methods, state-of-art techniques, technical advances, virtual case study,
• MeSH
• botanika * metody   MeSH
• fyziologie rostlin MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To create a comprehensive overview of imaging methods for diagnosing pudendal neuralgia. METHODOLOGY: Literature review. CONCLUSION: Pudendal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that is difficult to diagnose. On average, it takes 5 years from the onset of symptoms to the correct diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on symptoms described by the patient, neuropelveological physical examination, and presence of the 5 Nantes criteria. Imaging methods, especially ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the pudendal nerve, show great promise for a more accurate and faster diagnosis. These methods can assist in diagnosing issues and excluding other pathologies that may cause symptoms.

• Klíčová slova
• chronic pelvic pain, imaging, imaging methods, magnetic resonance, pudendal nerve, pudendal neuralgia,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• pudendální nerv diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• pudendální neuralgie * diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CONTRACEPTION/education *,
• MeSH
• antikoncepce výchova   MeSH
• kontraceptiva * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kontraceptiva * MeSH

Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable, diverse set. They cover a broad range of molecular weights from less than 1000 Da to more than 150 kDa. This review aims to compare conventional detection methods of protein toxins such as in vitro bioassays with proteomic methods, including immunoassays and mass spectrometry-based techniques and their combination. Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. The analysis of protein toxins and monitoring for biological threats, i.e., the deliberate spread of infectious microorganisms or toxins through water, food, or the air, requires rapid and reliable methods for the early identification of these agents.

• Klíčová slova
• analytical methods, bio-terrorism, protein toxins, proteomic,
• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• biologické toxiny analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteomika metody   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• biologické toxiny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CONTRACEPTION *,
• MeSH
• antikoncepce * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH