Nonciliate, uniciliate, and multiciliate receptors were shown by transmission electron microscopy to occur in the body tegument of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich 1802) cercariae. Detailed studies revealed three types of nonciliate, four types of uniciliate, and one type of multiciliate sensory endings. Most receptors were singly distributed. Only a few of them formed paired receptor complexes in three regions of the cercarial body. These receptor complexes were found to possess nonciliate, uniciliate, and multiciliate sensory endings.

• MeSH
• Echinostoma ultrastruktura   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• hlemýždi MeSH
• larva ultrastruktura   MeSH
• nervové receptory ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• hlavové nervy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• ryby anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The effect of the nervous system on bone remodelling has been described by many studies. Sensory and autonomic nerves are present in the bone. Immunohistochemical analysis of the bone have indicated the presence of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters that act on bone cells through receptors. Besides carrying sensory information, sensory neurons produce various neuropeptides playing an important role in maintaining bone and tooth pulp homeostasis, and dentin formation. Bone tissue and teeth contain organic and inorganic components. Bone cells enable bone mineralization and ensure its formation and resorption. Studies focused on the effects of the nervous system on the bone are proceeded using various ways. Sensory denervation itself can be achieved using capsaicin causing chemical lesion to the nerve. Surgical ways of causing only sensory lesion to nerves are substantially limited because many peripheral nerves are mixed and contain a motor component as well. From this point of view, the experimental model with transection of inferior alveolar nerve is appropriate. This nerve provides sensory innervation of the bone and teeth of the mandible. The purpose of our paper is to provide an overview of the effects exerted by the nervous system on the inorganic component of the bone and teeth, and also to present an overview of the used experimental models. As we assume, the transection of inferior alveolar nerve could be reflected in changed contents and distribution of chemical elements in the bone and teeth of rat mandible. This issue has not been studied so far.

• Klíčová slova
• Bone innervation, Chemical elements, Laboratory rat, Sensory denervation,
• MeSH
• denervace MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• neurony aferentní MeSH
• zubní dřeň * inervace   MeSH
• zuby * inervace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus * MeSH
• nervové receptory anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• svaly anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zadní končetina MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper aimed to investigate the dose-effects of l-Lysine (Lys, 0.2% to 0.8%) on the water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, water mobility and distribution, microstructures and sensory acceptance of reconstructed ham with 50% reduction of added salt. Results showed that reducing salt from 2.50% to 1.25% caused significant increase in cooking loss and centrifuge loss, and decrease in hardness, springiness and chewiness. 0.8% Lys significantly improved the WHC and textural properties of salt-reduced hams, whereas 0.2% Lys further impaired these attributes. Moreover, 0.8% Lys improved the sensory scores for mouthfeel, appearance, taste and global acceptance. The NMR analysis reveals that water distribution and mobility were affected by salt reduction and Lys addition, and hams with 0.8% Lys contained more entrapped water with decreased mobility. Furthermore, a fine network with more bridge-linkage among myofibrils was formed in hams with 0.8% Lys. Therefore, addition of 0.8% Lys showed great potential in developing salt-reduced reconstructed ham with premium technological and sensory qualities.

• Klíčová slova
• Reconstructed ham, Salt-reduced, Texture, Water holding capacity,
• MeSH
• barva MeSH
• chlorid sodný analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lysin chemie   MeSH
• manipulace s potravinami metody   MeSH
• masné výrobky analýza   MeSH
• myofibrily MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• vaření MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• lysin MeSH
• voda MeSH

In the present paper the ultrastructural similarities among the terminal portions of Pacinian corpuscles, the nodes of Ranvier, and the initial segments of primary sensory neurons are pointed out. Our conclusion is based on our observations of cat Pacinian corpuscles and other general knowledge of the node of Ranvier and the initial segment published elsewhere. The morpho-functional similarities of three principal excitable regions of the sensory nerve fibres (the initial segments, the node of Ranvier, and the terminal portions of sensory nerve formations) are illustrated by identical distribution of the enzymes which are associated with ionic transport (alkaline phosphatase, Mg(2+)-ATPase), and non-specific cholinesterase. Furthermore, the polyanionic material revealed by Alcian blue staining in three excitable sites of the sensory axon confirms the supposition that excitable axolemma cannot be considered in the isolation of its surroundings produced by Schwann cells.

• MeSH
• axony chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurony aferentní chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Ranvierovy zářezy chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Vater-Paciniho tělíska chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Antennae in crayfish are essential for gaining information about the local topography and localising food, chemicals, conspecifics or predator. There are still gaps in the research on the morphology of antennae in decapods compared to other arthropods. METHODOLOGY: Biometrical and ultrastructural methods were applied using light and cryo-scanning electron microscopies to study the morphology of antennae in six different crayfish species, including marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis, Mexican dwarf crayfish Cambarellus patzcuarensis, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, common yabby Cherax destructor, and spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus to find their potential morphological differences. RESULTS: Significant differences in the antenna length, length and width of each segment to carapace length ratios, and the number of segments were found in the six crayfish species. The ultrastructure revealed differences in the distribution of sensory hairs on the antenna and the morphology of the antennal surface. CONCLUSIONS: The different morphology of antennae might reflect adaptation to the conditions of their specific habitats. In addition, results showed that a combination of differences in the morphological features and biometrical measurements of antennae could be used for the distinguishment of different studied crayfish species.

• Klíčová slova
• Antenna, Arthropods, Biometry, Crustaceans, Electron microscopy, Morphology,
• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• potrava z moře (živočišná) MeSH
• severní raci * MeSH
• vlasy, chlupy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

During the stationary part of neuronal spiking response, the stimulus can be encoded in the firing rate, but also in the statistical structure of the interspike intervals. We propose and discuss two information-based measures of statistical dispersion of the interspike interval distribution, the entropy-based dispersion and Fisher information-based dispersion. The measures are compared with the frequently used concept of standard deviation. It is shown, that standard deviation is not well suited to quantify some aspects of dispersion that are often expected intuitively, such as the degree of randomness. The proposed dispersion measures are not entirely independent, although each describes the interspike intervals from a different point of view. The new methods are applied to common models of neuronal firing and to both simulated and experimental data.

• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• čichové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• neurony cytologie   MeSH
• normální rozdělení MeSH
• výpočetní biologie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A detailed observation of the sensory apparatus of Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) cercariae was carried out. The species was determined on the basis of an experimental study of the life cycle and morphology of sporocysts, cercariae, metacercariae, and adults. In contrast to other species of the family Plagiorchidae, no papillae were present in the positions CId1, CId2, CII0, CII3 and CII4. Papillae with markedly ventral situation on the postacetabular zone were found very rarely. Some of the cercariae possessed ventral papillae variously distributed in the preacetabular zone. A comparative analysis of the chaetotaxy revealed that the cercaria studied by us was very similar to Cercaria 4 of Richard, 1971, with the exception of the number of acetabular papillae and some groups of ventral papillae. Compared to the cercaria of O. ranae studied by Dobrovolskiy (1965). AID papillae and a part of ventral papillae were distributed differently. The chaetotaxy was identical with that of experimentally obtained cercariae of O. ranae from L. stagnalis and of cercariae of the same species obtained from Bulgaria.

• MeSH
• Lymnaea MeSH
• nervové receptory anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Trematoda anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Parasites, especially brain-encysting trematodes, can have an impact on host behaviour, facilitating the transmission to next host and completion of the life cycle, but insufficient research has been done on whether specific brain regions are targeted. Using Cardiocephaloides longicollis as a laboratory model, the precise distribution of metacercariae in experimentally-infected, wild and farmed fish was mapped. The brain regions targeted by this parasite were explored, also from a histologic perspective, and potential pathogenic effects were evaluated. Experimental infections allowed to reproduce the natural infection intensity of C. longicollis, with four times higher infection intensity at the higher dose (150 vs 50 cercariae). The observed metacercarial distribution, similar among all fish groups, may reflect a trematode species-specific pattern: metacercariae occur with highest density in the optic lobe area (primarily infecting the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum) and the medulla oblongata, whereas other areas such as the olfactory lobes and cerebellar lobes may be occupied when the more frequently invaded parts of the brain were crowded. Mono- and multicysts (i.e. formed either with a single metacercaria, or with 2-25 metacercariae encapsulated together) may be formed depending on the aggregation and timing of metacercariae arrival, with minor host inflammatory response. Larvae of C. longicollis colonizing specific brain areas may have an effect on the functions associated with these areas, which are generally related to sensory and motor functions, but are also related to other host fitness traits such as school maintenance or recognition of predators. The detailed information on the extent and distribution of C. longicollis in fish encephalon sets the ground to understand the effects of brain parasites on fish, but further investigation to establish if C. longicollis, through purely mechanical damage (e.g., occupation, pressure and displacement), has an actual impact on host behaviour remains to be tested under controlled experimental conditions.

• Klíčová slova
• Brain-encysting, Cardiocephaloides longicollis, Histology, Microhabitat selection, Trematoda,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH