BACKGROUND: Lockdowns amid the COVID-19 pandemic drastically reduced the possibility of undertaking physical activity (PA) in gyms, swimming pools, or work-related PA, e.g., active commuting. However, the stay-at-home order could have reduced PA the most, i.e., the ban of unnecessary outdoor activities. It affected free walking, running, skiing, active tourism, etc. It is, therefore, crucial to estimate how the stay-at-home order affected PA. We estimated how the stay-at-home order affected perceived PA and sedentary behavior compared to the pre-pandemic time in Poland. METHODS: We used a self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-LF) to estimate the time (minutes per day) of vigorous and moderate PA and walking and sitting time. RESULTS: We gathered data from 320 Polish participants. Bayesian approaches, including t-test and Bayesian correlations, were used to find differences and correlations between PA before and during the stay-at-home lockdown. Our data supported the hypotheses that vigorous PA, as well as walking, declined during the lockdown. Surprisingly, our data did not support the hypothesis that moderate physical activity was reduced. We found that moderate PA during lockdown increased compared to the pre-lockdown PA. As hypothesized, our data strongly evinced that sitting time inclined during the lockdown. PA decline was not correlated with the available living space. People who had access to gardens did not demonstrate a higher PA level than those without. DISCUSSION: Walking and sitting time have drastically changed during the stay-at-home lockdown, decreasing and increasing, respectively. Given results from studies focusing on lockdowns without the stay-at-home restriction, it may be assumed that letting people go outside is crucial in keeping them more active and less sedentary. Authorities should take into account the effect the stay-at-home order may have on PA and sedentary behavior and as a result, on health. Stay-at-home orders should be the last considered restriction, given its detrimental consequences.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, Lockdown, Pandemic, Physical activity, Poland, Sedentary behavior, Stay-at-home order,
• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH

The UK government instruction to stay at home exemplifies how governments do things by saying things in a crisis. The force of the government slogan was amplified by its intertextual circulation in wider public discourse to produce an alignment between the duty of government to protect citizens, the spiritual mission of the Church and the public information role of the press. By analysing the rhetorical and sequential structure of promotional discourse with recourse to speech act, narrative and routine theory, we show how its authors concurrently use cognitive and empathetic interpellations to induce subjectivation, configuring pending accounts which not only involve recipients in scripts for restoring order (if … then … programming constructions) but also implicate them in restorative storylines (just as there and then … so here and now … mimetic constructions). The result is to overlay on the official inducement new voices of hope, conditioned by participation in a collaborative community, naturalising compliance.

• Klíčová slova
• Coronavirus pandemic, Inducement to action, Interpellation, Pending account, Promotional discourse, Speech act,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě v ústavní péči * MeSH
• karanténa * MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

• MeSH
• cestování * MeSH
• karanténa MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce * MeSH
• vakcinace * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zákonodárství lékařské MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

• MeSH
• antigeny * MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• Chlamydia imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• játra mikrobiologie   MeSH
• karanténa MeSH
• komplement fixační testy MeSH
• perikard mikrobiologie   MeSH
• psitakóza diagnóza   MeSH
• Psittaciformes * MeSH
• slezina mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny * MeSH

COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• divoká zvířata * fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• karanténa * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• savci * fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The forced disruption of education in the summer semester 2019-2020 was an unprecedented situation also for the teaching of anatomy at Czech medical faculties. Due to the forthcoming final exam on Anatomy, the situation urgently required a fluent transition to the distance learning. In our manuscript we present our experiences and tips based also on experience from other anatomical departments and which can be used in similar crises for a continuous.

• Klíčová slova
• anatomy, distance education, formative approach, new trends, personal experience, transition from full-time to hybrid or distance anatomy teaching,
• MeSH
• anatomie výchova   MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• karanténa MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to test the hypothesis that physical interpersonal violence is decreased during the lockdown period in comparison with comparable control periods. The secondary aims were to explore the effects of gender and alcohol consumption on the violence during the lockdown. METHODS: Nationwide records of hospitalizations secondary to an assault were analyzed using quasipoisson regression. Assault rates in two lockdown periods, defined as a national emergency state, were compared to baseline data between 2017 and 2020, controlling for seasonal fluctuations and pandemic-related effects other than lockdown. To validate the findings on independent data, differences between lockdown and baseline in Police records of violent criminality between 2017 and 2021 were examined using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The rates of hospitalizations secondary to an assault decreased substantially during lockdowns (IRR = .43; P < .001) and the duration of lockdown did not affect assault rates (P = .07). The decrease in assault rates was more pronounced in males than females (IRR = .77; P < .05) and was weakened in patients with history of alcohol abuse (IRR = 1.83; P < .001). Violent crime rate decreased by 19% during the lockdowns compared to prepandemic baseline (P < .001). CONCLUSION: We found that physical interpersonal violence decreased during the COVID-19 lockdown periods. The reduction is significantly greater in males. Emerging evidence suggests an increased risk of alcohol use and intoxication during the lockdowns. Violent crime rate decreased during the lockdown.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, aggression, alcohol, crime, lockdown, violence, women,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• karanténa psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• registrace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated symptoms, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in the declaration of a pandemic. When several countries began enacting quarantine and lockdown policies, the pandemic as it is now known truly began. While most patients have minimal symptoms, approximately 20% of verified subjects are suffering from serious medical consequences. Co-existing diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and others, have been shown to make patients more vulnerable to severe outcomes from COVID-19 by modulating host-viral interactions and immune responses, causing severe infection and mortality. In this review, we outline the putative signaling pathways at the interface of COVID-19 and several diseases, emphasizing the clinical and molecular implications of concurring diseases in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. As evidence is limited on co-existing diseases and COVID-19, most findings are preliminary, and further research is required for optimal management of patients with comorbidities.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, cancer, cardiovascular disease, coronavirus disease 2019, diabetes, immune responses, treatment implications,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   MeSH
• karanténa MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This paper explores to what extent product and marketing channel diversification contributed to the economic success of small-scale agricultural producers involved in short food supply chains after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted between April and July 2020 in four countries of the European Union-Estonia, Hungary, Portugal and Romania,-resulting in a relatively large sample of farmers (N = 421). The analysis was built on a semi-nonparametric approach. Approximately 19 percent of small-scale producers were able to increase sales during the first wave of the pandemic, although country-level variation was significant. Fruits and vegetables were by far the most popular products. The importance of specific channels varied across countries, but farm gate sales were among the most important marketing channels both before and during the first wave. The importance of channels that were based on digital resources and home delivery increased. Our evidence indicates that diversification was a strategy that paid off, both in terms of marketing channels and different product categories. However, the impact appears to be nonlinear; the initial advantage generated by diversification rapidly tapered off, either temporarily (in the case of products), or permanently (in the case of marketing channels). Later research may clarify whether these findings are generalizable in other socio-economic contexts, as well as in a non-COVID situation.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 ekonomika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• ekonomické modely * MeSH
• karanténa ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• zemědělci psychologie   MeSH
• zemědělství metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH