INTRODUCTION: Urothelial carcinoma is the second most common urological malignancy. Around 5-10% of tumors are found in the upper urinary tract, while almost 90-95% are in the bladder. METHODS: Patients of our department diagnosed with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) during the period 2014-2018 were included. The frequency, selected therapeutic procedures and treatment results were analyzed. RESULTS: In the last 5 years, 21 patients with UTUC were diagnosed and surgically treated at the Department of Urology, Regional Hospital Nachod. The main surgical approach was nephroureterectomy. Mortality was 28.6% due to the original tumor diagnosis. Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract was more common in men than in women in our patient group. CONCLUSION: Unfortunately, urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract are often dealt with only in locally advanced stages or when nodal or distant metastases are present, making any possible administration of adjuvant chemotherapy complicated as it fails to provide a sufficient effect. Therefore, radical nephroureterectomy remains the gold standard for more than a half of patients. Overall survival depends largely on the presence of distant metastases. The pT category is the major influencing parameter for a relapse.

• Klíčová slova
• nephroureterectomy, segmental ureterectomy, upper urinary tract, urothelial carcinoma,
• MeSH
• karcinom z přechodných buněk chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře chirurgie   MeSH
• nefrektomie MeSH
• urologické nádory chirurgie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objective is to review the literature related to lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions in children to conceptualize general practice guidelines for the general practitioner, pediatrician, pediatric urologist, and urologist. PubMed was searched for the last 15-year literature by the committee. All articles in peer-review journal-related LUT conditions (343) have been retrieved and 76 have been reviewed extensively. Prospective trials were few and the level of evidence was low. Most of the recommendations have been done by committee consensus after extensive discussion of literature reports. History taking is an integral part of evaluation assessing day- and nighttime urine and bowel control, urgency, and frequency symptoms. Exclusion of any neurogenic and organic cause is essential. Uroflowmetry and residual urine determination are recommended in all patients to evaluate bladder emptying. Urodynamic studies are reserved for refractory or complicated cases. Urotherapy that aims to educate the child and family about bladder and bowel function and guides them to achieve normal voiding and bowel habits should initially be employed in all cases except those who have urinary tract infections (UTI) and constipation. Specific medical treatment is added in the case of refractory overactive bladder symptoms and recurrent UTIs.Conclusion: Producing recommendations for managing LUTS in children based on high-quality studies is not possible. LUTS in children should be evaluated in a multimodal way by minimal invasive diagnostic procedures. Urotherapy is the mainstay of treatment and specific medical treatment is added in refractory cases.What is Known:• Symptoms of the lower urinary tract may have significant social consequences and sometimes clinical morbidities like urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux. In many children, however, there is no such obvious cause for the incontinence, and they are referred to as having functional bladder problems.What is New:• This review aims to construct a practical recommendation strategy for the general practitioner, pediatrician, pediatric urologist, and urologist for LUTS in children. Producing recommendations for managing LUTS in children based on high-quality studies is not possible. LUTS in children should be evaluated in a multimodal way by minimal invasive diagnostic procedures. Urotherapy is the mainstay of treatment and specific medical treatment is added in refractory cases.

• Klíčová slova
• Dysfunction, Incontinence, Lower urinary tract, Management, Pediatric, Treatment,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• inkontinence moči diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• symptomy dolních močových cest diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• vezikoureterální reflux diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

The 5th edition of WHO classification of the urinary tract tumors is only mildly edited version of the previous WHO classification (from year 2016). The most prominent changes are represented by modifications in the structure and concept of chapters and there are minor alterations in the nomenclature of some entities. Histological characteristics are still the gold standard for classification of urothelial tract neoplasms.

• Klíčová slova
• WHO 2022 classification, urinary tract, urothelial carcinoma,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• urologické nádory * diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The paper presents a simplified (but not trivial) mathematical model of the interaction between the urine flow and the male urethra and bladder, respectively. Urine is assumed to be a Newtonian fluid. The flow is considered to be non-stationary, isothermal and turbulent. The urethra and bladder wall, featuring elastic properties, experience large displacements and strains. The dynamic forces are included in the urethra wall motion. When fully extended the urethra attains the shape of an axisymetric tube. An iterative method based on the uncoupled approach is developed.

• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• diuréza fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie močového ústrojí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močový měchýř fyziologie   MeSH
• uretra fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), overactive bladder (OAB), and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the Czech Republic, Russia, and Turkey. METHODS: Stage one of this population-based survey consisted of computer-assisted telephone interviews to obtain prevalence estimates of storage, voiding, and post-micturition LUTS. Stage two face-to-face interviews evaluated subjects with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI), stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or OAB (case group) and a control group (subjects with other incontinence or LUTS complaints, or no symptoms). OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of LUTS categories were determined for each country based on International Continence Society (ICS) criteria. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 3130 individuals agreed to participate in the survey, which found high rates of LUTS (men 80%; women 84%) and OAB (men 18%; women 28%). Duration of urinary symptoms was relatively brief (approximately 60% ≤ 3 years) and was associated with relatively modest effects on quality of life and work performance in the majority of individuals. Forty percent had consulted with a healthcare provider about their urinary symptoms, of whom 37% had consulted with a physician and 34% with an urologist, and 12% had been treated with a prescription medication. Drug therapy, while uncommon, was associated with a high degree of self-reported improvement (96%). Because of between-country population differences, aggregate results may not always be representative of results for each of the three countries individually. Study limitations include reliance on patient self-report, and potential bias introduced by patients who declined to participate in the survey. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this epidemiologic survey found high rates of LUTS and OAB, but low levels of medical consultation and very low use of medication treatment, despite high levels of improvement when medications were used.

• Klíčová slova
• Adult, Epidemiologic survey, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Nocturia, Overactive bladder, Prevalence, Urinary incontinence,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hyperaktivní močový měchýř epidemiologie   MeSH
• inkontinence moči epidemiologie   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pacientův souhlas se zdravotní péčí MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• symptomy dolních močových cest epidemiologie   MeSH
• urologické nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Rusko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Turecko epidemiologie   MeSH

There is no ideal marker or established immunohistochemistry panel to confirm urothelial differentiation. Immunohistochemistry must be always indicated in concrete differential diagnostic consideration. In this review article, immunohistochemistry will be discussed in the three different settings - distinction of benign and malignant changes of urothelium, the most frequent pitfalls and non-urothelial neoplasms of urinary tract.

• Klíčová slova
• immunohistochemistry, nested-variant of urothelial carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma in situ,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře * diagnóza   MeSH
• urotel MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current state of knowledge on the use of uroflowmetry in diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction in women. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava University. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lower urinary tract dysfunction is associated with debilitating symptoms, which negatively affect the quality of life of a large number of patients, and represent a significant health problem. Inaccurate diagnosis leads to delayed therapy, which could cause disease progression and complications. It has been recently recognized that affected patients express a wide variety of clinical phenotypes. Advancements in diagnostic procedures may allow for individualized treatment and improved treatment outcomes. Diagnostic procedures recommended for patients with suspected lower urinary tract disease include directed medical history, urinalysis, voiding diary, as well as non-invasive and invasive urodynamic methods. Additional diagnostic tests may be used in select cases. Uroflowmetry is a basic urodynamic method used for screening. It represents a standard component used in the diagnostic process for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Sonouroflowmetry is a new method, which evaluates the urinary flow and lower urinary tract symptoms in a non-invasive manner by analysing the sound generated by a stream of urine striking the water surface in the toilet bowl.

• Klíčová slova
• lower urinary tract symptoms., sonouroflow, uroflowmetry,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• stresová inkontinence moči diagnóza   MeSH
• symptomy dolních močových cest diagnóza   MeSH
• urodynamika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

CONTEXT: The European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines Panel on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) has prepared updated guidelines to aid clinicians in the current evidence-based management of UTUC and to incorporate recommendations into clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the EAU guidelines on UTUC as an aid to clinicians. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The recommendations provided in the current guidelines are based on a thorough review of available UTUC guidelines and articles identified following a systematic search of Medline. Data on urothelial malignancies and UTUC were searched using the following keywords: urinary tract cancer; urothelial carcinomas; upper urinary tract, carcinoma; renal pelvis; ureter; bladder cancer; chemotherapy; ureteroscopy; nephroureterectomy; adjuvant treatment; instillation; recurrence; risk factors; and survival. References were weighted by a panel of experts. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Owing to the rarity of UTUC, there are insufficient data to provide strong recommendations (ie, grade A). However, the results of recent multicentre studies are now available, and there is a growing number of retrospective articles in UTUC. The 2017 tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) classification is recommended. Recommendations are given for diagnosis and risk stratification, as well as for radical and conservative treatment; prognostic factors are also discussed. A single postoperative dose of intravesical mitomycin after radical nephroureterectomy reduces the risk of bladder tumour recurrence. Kidney-sparing management should be offered as a primary treatment option to patients with low-risk tumours and two functional kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: These guidelines contain information on the management of individual patients according to a current standardised approach. Urologists should take into account the specific clinical characteristics of each patient when determining the optimal treatment regimen, based on the proposed risk stratification of these tumours. PATIENT SUMMARY: Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is rare, but because 60% of these tumours are invasive at diagnosis; appropriate diagnosis and management is most important. We present recommendations based on current evidence for optimal management.

• Klíčová slova
• Cytology, Guidelines, Nephroureterectomy, Renal pelvis, Risk factors, Survival, Ureter, Ureteroscopy, Urinary tract cancer, Urothelial carcinoma,
• MeSH
• karcinom diagnóza   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• medicína založená na důkazech normy   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• urologické nádory diagnóza   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• urologie normy   MeSH
• urotel patologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and testosterone deficiency (TD) with depressive, stress, and anxiety symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 2019 to March 2020, 113 males were included. Inclusion criteria: age 40-75, no clinical suspicion of prostate cancer, no serious cardiovascular comorbidities. All patients completed a set of questionnaires: International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). RESULTS: Median age was 62 years (range 40-74), mean IPSS score was 10.94 (SD 7.75), mean IIEF-5 score 13.12 (SD 7.08), and mean DASS-21 score 11.35 (SD 8.24). According to DASS-21 subscales, 28 (24.8%) patients had depressive symptoms, 25 (22.1%) anxiety symptoms, and 25 (22.1%) stress symptoms. Depression was associated with LUTS (14.5 vs. 8 score, p = .002). Similarly, stress symptoms were associated with LUTS (IPSS 15 vs. 7 score, p = .0001) and with ED (IIEF-5 5 vs. 15 score, p = .01). Positive Spearman's rho correlations between LUTS and all three, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were found (p values <.001). CONCLUSIONS: LUTS is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Screening for these symptoms could help with individual counseling and management.

• Klíčová slova
• Depression, anxiety, lower urinary tract symptoms, stress, testosterone deficiency,
• MeSH
• deprese komplikace   MeSH
• erektilní dysfunkce * komplikace   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• symptomy dolních močových cest * komplikace   MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The close anatomical relationship of the urogenital system is a significant, and sometimes limiting, factor in oncogynecology. Reducing adverse effects (treatment-associated toxicity) is an integral part of cancer treatment. Radical surgery, as well as oncological therapy, which represent milestones in the treatment of such malignancies, may require tailoring the extension of the intervention in order to preserve other non-gynecological structures. Despite the progress in minimally invasive surgery, and evolution of radiotherapy and systemic therapy, treatment-related complications remain; indeed, their increasing prevalence in women raises questions about quality of life. AIM: Here, we highlight the modalities used to treat gynecological cancer and discuss the most common urological adverse effects related to these interventions. Knowledge of side effects, as well as methods of prevention, is fundamental if we are to preserve quality of life. CONCLUSION: reatment of gynecological cancer is based on cooperation between members of the multidisciplinary team. From this point-of-view, combination of two radical modalities (mainly surgery and radiotherapy) remains problematic. However, the patients prognosis, and plans for other possible oncological therapies, play an essential role in management of urological adverse effects related to cancer treatment. Key words: gynecologic neoplasms - complication - urinary tract - quality of life This work was supported by project PROGES Q40. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 27. 9. 2018 Accepted: 21. 10. 2018.

• Klíčová slova
• gynecologic neoplasms - complication - urinary tract - quality of life This work was supported by project PROGES Q40. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 27. 9. 2018 Accepted: 21. 10. 2018, products,
• MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové ústrojí účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• nádory ženských pohlavních orgánů terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH