Autonomous micro/nanorobots capable of performing programmed missions are at the forefront of next-generation micromachinery. These small robotic systems are predominantly constructed using functional components sourced from micro- and nanoscale materials; therefore, combining them with various advanced materials represents a pivotal direction toward achieving a higher level of intelligence and multifunctionality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced materials for innovative micro/nanorobotics, focusing on the five families of materials that have witnessed the most rapid advancements over the last decade: two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks, semiconductors, polymers, and biological cells. Their unique physicochemical, mechanical, optical, and biological properties have been integrated into micro/nanorobots to achieve greater maneuverability, programmability, intelligence, and multifunctionality in collective behaviors. The design and fabrication methods for hybrid robotic systems are discussed based on the material categories. In addition, their promising potential for powering motion and/or (multi-)functionality is described and the fundamental principles underlying them are explained. Finally, their extensive use in a variety of applications, including environmental remediation, (bio)sensing, therapeutics, etc., and remaining challenges and perspectives for future research are discussed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The properties of each lattice structure are a function of four basic lattice factors, namely the morphology of the unit cell, its tessellation, relative density, and the material properties. The recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) have facilitated the easy manipulation of these factors to obtain desired functionalities. This review attempts to expound on several such strategies to manipulate these lattice factors. Several design-based grading strategies, such as functional grading, with respect to size and density manipulation, multi-morphology, and spatial arrangement strategies, have been discussed and their link to the natural occurrences are highlighted. Furthermore, special emphasis is given to the recently designed tessellation strategies to deliver multi-functional lattice responses. Each tessellation on its own acts as a novel material, thereby tuning the required properties. The subsequent section explores various material processing techniques with respect to multi-material AM to achieve multi-functional properties. The sequential combination of multiple materials generates novel properties that a single material cannot achieve. The last section explores the scope for combining the design and process strategies to obtain unique lattice structures capable of catering to advanced requirements. In addition, the future role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in developing function-specific lattice properties is highlighted.

• Klíčová slova
• additive manufacturing, design strategies, lattice factors, lattice structures, multi-functional properties, process strategies,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The carbon─sulfur (C─S) bond is an essential structural unit in various therapeutic agents, including antibiotics and anticancer drugs. C─S coupling reactions involving organothiols and aryl electrophiles have emerged as a powerful strategy. Recently, C─S coupling using heterogeneous catalysts like metals, metal oxides, and single-atom sites on polymers, 2D materials, and nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has shown promise due to synergistic properties enhancing nanoscale dispersion, stability, activity, recyclability, and control over key textural parameters. This review highlights the design, synthesis, and catalytic behavior of nanomaterials and their supports for C─S coupling reactions. Particular attention is given to a critical evaluation of the emergence of advanced materials, including a comprehensive discussion of the underlying reaction mechanisms and an in-depth analysis of advanced materials to enhance catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Furthermore, mechanistic insights derived from density functional theory calculations are discussed to support the rational design and development of efficient and selective catalysts. Finally, recent advancements, emerging trends are summarized, and strategic insights for the design of next-generation catalysts with enhanced efficiency in C─S bond-forming transformations are offered.

• Klíčová slova
• C─S coupling, density functional theory (DFT), hybrids, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), single atom catalysis (SAC),
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Ubiquitous pollution by microplastics is causing significant deleterious effects on marine life and human health through the food chain and has become a big challenge for the global ecosystem. It is of great urgency to find a cost-efficient and biocompatible material to remove microplastics from the environment. Mimicking basic characteristics of the adhesive chemistry practiced by marine mussels, adhesive polydopamine (PDA)@Fe3 O4 magnetic microrobots (MagRobots) are prepared by coating Fe3 O4 nanoparticles with a polymeric layer of dopamine via one-step self-polymerization. In addition, lipase is loaded on the PDA@Fe3 O4 MagRobots' surface to perform microplastic enzymatic degradation. The synthesized MagRobots, which are externally triggered by transversal rotating magnetic field, have the capacity to clear away the targeted microplastics due to their strong sticky characteristics. With the adhesive PDA@Fe3 O4 MagRobots on their surfaces, the microplastics can be navigated along an arbitrarily predefined path by a rotating field and removed using a directional magnetic field. Such adhesive MagRobots are envisioned to be used in swarms to remove microplastics from aqueous environments.

• Klíčová slova
• collective behavior, environmental remediation, enzymatic plastic degradation, magnetic actuation, surface walker,
• MeSH
• adheziva chemie   MeSH
• biomimetické materiály chemie   MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• indoly chemie   MeSH
• lipasa chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• magnetické jevy MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice oxidů železa MeSH
• mikroplasty analýza   MeSH
• mlži * MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• polymery chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adheziva MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• indoly MeSH
• lipasa MeSH
• mikroplasty MeSH
• polydopamine MeSH Prohlížeč
• polymery MeSH

Synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines that harvest energy from the surrounding environment and then convert it to motion have had a significant impact on many research areas such as biology (sensing, imaging, and therapy) and environmental applications. Autonomous motion is a key element of these devices. A high surface area is preferable as it leads to increased propellant or cargo-loading capability. Integrating highly ordered and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with self-propelled machines is demonstrated to have a significant impact on the field of nano/micro/millimeter-sized devices for a wide range of applications. MOFs have shown great potential in many research fields due to their tailorable pore size. These fields include energy storage and conversion; catalysis, biomedical application (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, and cancer therapy), and environmental remediation. The marriage of motors and MOFs may provide opportunities for many new applications for synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines. Herein, MOF-based micro- and nanomachines are reviewed with a focus on the specific properties of MOFs.

• Klíčová slova
• autonomous machines, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), micromotors, nanorobot, self-propelled, swimmers,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Advanced interdisciplinary scientific field of tissue engineering has been developed to meet increasing demand for safe, functional and easy available substitutes of irreversibly damaged tissues and organs. First biomaterials were constructed as "two-dimensional" (allowing cell adhesion only on their surface), and durable (non-biodegradable). In contrast, biomaterials of new generation are characterized by so-called three dimensional porous or scaffold-like architecture promoting attachment, growth and differentiation of cells inside the material, accompanied by its gradual removal and replacement with regenerated fully functional tissue. In order to control these processes, these materials are endowed with a defined spectrum of bioactive molecules, such as ligands for adhesion receptors on cells, functional parts of natural growth factors, hormones and enzymes or synthetic regulators of cell behavior, incorporated in defined concentrations and spatial distribution against a bioinert background resistant to uncontrolled protein adsorption and cell adhesion.

• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná adheze fyziologie   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH

For the development of next-generation portable energy storage devices, compression-tolerant electrodes are essential, but most of the previous reports have focused only on carbon-based materials. Herein, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIIPAM) were used as hosts to incorporate the Co3O4@MoS2 aerogel (Co3O4@MoS2 AG). GelMa-PNIPAM (GP) was transformed into a carbon network as an intrinsically compressible host template with high conductivity. The as-prepared electrode possesses a reversible compressive strain of 80% with excellent durability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the Co3O4@MoS2-AG heterostructure exhibits high electronic conductivity, low adsorption energy for OH- ions, and fast electron transfer capacity, which enhance the electrochemical performance with a high specific capacitance of 1026.9 at 1 A g-1 and a remarkable cycling stability of 80.8% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. Besides, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor based on compressible Co3O4@MoS2 AG/RGO exhibits a stable energy storage performance under different compressive strains and after 100 compression-release cycles. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of a metal-based electrode with high energy storage properties for wearable devices.

• Klíčová slova
• Co3O4, MoS2, aerogels, asymmetric supercapacitor, compressible electrode,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Modern micro/nanorobots can perform multiple tasks for biomedical and environmental applications. Particularly, magnetic microrobots can be completely controlled by a rotating magnetic field and their motion powered and controlled without the use of toxic fuels, which makes them most promising for biomedical application. Moreover, they are able to form swarms, allowing them to perform specific tasks at a larger scale than a single microrobot. In this work, they developed magnetic microrobots composed of halloysite nanotubes as backbone and iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles as magnetic material allowing magnetic propulsion and covered these with polyethylenimine to load ampicillin and prevent the microrobots from disassembling. These microrobots exhibit multimodal motion as single robots as well as in swarms. In addition, they can transform from tumbling to spinning motion and vice-versa, and when in swarm mode they can change their motion from vortex to ribbon and back again. Finally, the vortex motion mode is used to penetrate and disrupt the extracellular matrix of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm colonized on titanium mesh used for bone restoration, which improves the effect of the antibiotic's activity. Such magnetic microrobots for biofilm removal from medical implants could reduce implant rejection and improve patients' well-being.

• Klíčová slova
• collective behavior, ribbons, swarms, vortices,
• MeSH
• biofilmy * MeSH
• fyzikální jevy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetické pole MeSH
• pohyb těles MeSH
• titan * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• titan * MeSH

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ERCO2 ) is an attractive and sustainable approach to close the carbon loop. Formic acid is a high-value and readily collectible liquid product. However, the current reaction selectivity remains unsatisfactory. In this study, the bismuth-containing metal-organic framework CAU-17, with morphological variants of hexagonal prisms (CAU-17-hp) and nanofibers (CAU-17-fiber), is prepared at room temperature through a wet-chemical approach and employed as the electrocatalyst for highly selective CO2 -to-formate conversion. An H3 BTC-mediated morphology reconstruction is systematically investigated and further used to build a CAU-17-fiber hierarchical structure. The as-prepared CAU-17-fiber_400 electrodes give the best electrocatalytic performance in selective and efficient formate production with FEHCOO- of 96.4 % and jCOOH- of 20.4 mA cm-2 at -0.9 VRHE . This work provides a new mild approach for synthesis and morphology engineering of CAU-17 and demonstrates the efficacy of morphology engineering in regulating the accessible surface area and promoting the activity of MOF-based materials for ERCO2 .

• Klíčová slova
• carbon dioxide, electrocatalysis, formic acid, metal−organic frameworks, morphology engineering,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The human body involves a large number of systems subjected to contact stresses and thus experiencing wear and degradation. The limited efficacy of existing solutions constantly puts a significant financial burden on the healthcare system, more importantly, patients are suffering due to the complications following a partial or total system failure. More effective strategies are highly dependent on the availability of advanced functional materials demonstrating excellent tribological response and good biocompatibility. In this article, we review the recent progress in implementing two-dimensional (2D) materials into bio-applications involving tribological contacts. We further summarize the current challenges for future progress in the field.

• Klíčová slova
• Biotribology, Friction, Medical devices, Two-dimensional materials, Wear,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tření * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH