Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AF are poorly understood, although electrophysiological remodeling has been described as an important initiating step. There is growing evidence that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of AF. Many known triggers of oxidative stress, such as age, diabetes, smoking, and inflammation, are linked with an increased risk of arrhythmia. Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials reported the importance of antioxidant therapy in the prevention of AF, using vitamins C and E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, statins, or nitric oxide donors. The aim of our work is to give a current overview and analysis of opportunities, challenges, and benefits of antioxidant therapy in AF.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidants, Atrial fibrillation, Atrial remodeling, Gene therapy, Oxidative stress, Prevention,
• MeSH
• akční potenciály MeSH
• antiarytmika farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia terapeutické užití   MeSH
• fibrilace síní farmakoterapie   genetika   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• genetická terapie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• remodelace síní účinky léků   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• srdeční frekvence účinky léků   MeSH
• srdeční síně účinky léků   metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiarytmika MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of combination of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and an antioxidant on permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Male Wistar rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, animals were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the control group (n=9) received no treatment, HBO group (n=9) was treated for 90 min at 2.5 absolute atmosphere for 3 days, the U-74389G group (n=8) received single U-74389G injection (3 mg/kg), the HBO + U-74389G group (n=8) received both HBO and U-74389G treatments. Treatments were initiated within the first 10 min after MCAO. After 3 days, the infarct volumes in rat brains were measured. The infarct ratios were 25.6+/-6.5 % for the control group, 21.9+/-6.4 % for the HBO group, 15.7+/-5.7 % for U-74389G group and 12.5+/-3.8 % for HBO + U74389G group. The infarct volumes were significantly reduced in rats treated with U-74389G (p<0.05) and combination therapy (p<0.05). HBO failed to reduce infarct volume significantly. We concluded that 1) U-74389G is more beneficial than HBO on permanent MCAO in rats, and 2) a combined therapy failed to significantly improve infarct volume more than either single treatment.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hyperbarická oxygenace * MeSH
• infarkt arteria cerebri media metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku farmakoterapie   terapie   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• pregnatrieny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• pregnatrieny MeSH
• U 74389F MeSH Prohlížeč

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from inflorescence rachises, corollas, calyxes, leaves, valves of capsules and hypertrophied placenta of Catalpa bignonioides by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl reduction (DPPH) and tyrosine nitration inhibition induced by peroxynitrite was tested.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• Bignoniaceae * MeSH
• fytoterapie * MeSH
• květy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• listy rostlin MeSH
• pikráty chemie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tyrosin chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl MeSH Prohlížeč
• antioxidancia MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• tyrosin MeSH

Sulfur mustard, in a chemical name bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, is a chemical warfare agent. It is cytotoxic and blister forming once spread over the skin. Though exact molecular mechanism of sulfur mustard toxic action remains unknown, inflammation and oxidative stress development are considered as the most relevant pathological consequences. Applications of either low-molecular weight antioxidants or cofactors for enzymatic antioxidants are considered as suitable ways how to ameliorate the poisoning. In this article, survey of literature on countermeasures against sulfur mustard poisoning are given and evidence of oxidative stress role during sulfur mustard poisoning and availability of antioxidants for the therapy are discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• Oxidative stress, antioxidant, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, inflammation, mustard gas, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, sulfur mustard,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chemické bojové látky toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• otrava enzymologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• yperit toxicita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• chemické bojové látky MeSH
• yperit MeSH

Oxidative stress, increased lipid peroxidation, and impaired function of antioxidant system may contribute to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure patients during renal replacement therapy. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of oral vitamin E (400 mg/day) in 14 patients who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and effects of the vitamin E-coated dialyzer in 14 haemodialysis patients on several antioxidant biochemical parameters. Six-week treatment with oral vitamin E in CAPD patients and three-month treatment using vitamin E-coated dialyzer in haemodialysis patients led to the significant decrease of plasma malondialdehyde, to the increase of plasma vitamin E and to the increase of erythrocyte vitamin E in haemodialysis patients. No significant changes of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme--superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were found during the both types of antioxidant therapy. At the end of the third month of haemodialysis study the significant increase of erythrocyte glutathione in haemodialysis patients was found, but that value was significantly lower as normal range. Six-week interruption of the administration of oral vitamin E in CAPD patients led to the significant decrease of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and plasma vitamin E. Ten-week interruption of the use of vitamin E-coated dialyzer led to the significant increase of plasma malondialdehyde and to the decrease of plasma and erythrocyte vitamin E in haemodialysis patients, near to the values at the beginning of the study. Our study confirmed the beneficial effect of oral administration of vitamin E and the use of vitamin E-coated dialyzer against oxidative stress in CAPD and haemodialysis patients.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• biokompatibilní potahované materiály * MeSH
• dialýza ledvin * přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• erytrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa krev   MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa krev   MeSH
• katalasa krev   MeSH
• kontinuální ambulantní peritoneální dialýza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidační stres * MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa krev   MeSH
• vitamin E aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• biokompatibilní potahované materiály * MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa MeSH
• glutathionreduktasa MeSH
• katalasa MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa MeSH
• vitamin E MeSH

Total phenolic content, reducing power, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of ethanol extracts of five mosses were determined in vitro. No correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant or scavenging activities was found.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• Bryophyta klasifikace   MeSH
• fytoterapie * MeSH
• inhibiční koncentrace 50 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxid dusnatý chemie   MeSH
• pikráty chemie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• volné radikály chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl MeSH Prohlížeč
• antioxidancia MeSH
• bifenylové sloučeniny MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty MeSH
• scavengery volných radikálů MeSH
• volné radikály MeSH

An in-vitro study was carried out to examine the effects of yeast hydrolysate (YH) on antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) hepatocytes. Fish primary hepatocytes were seeded at a density of 3 × 105 cells mL-1 in 6-well tissue culture plates and treated with two different media including: 1) DMEM/F12 medium (control), and 2) YH medium [DMEM/F12 + 0.1 g L-1 YH]. After incubation for 24 h, the culture medium and primary hepatocytes were collected for subsequent analyses. The results showed no significant (P > 0.05) effect of YH on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and urea nitrogen (UN) concentration in the conditioned medium. However, significantly (P < 0.05) higher ALT and AST activities were found in YH treated hepatocytes compared to control. Moreover, YH supplementation led to significant enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alternative complement pathway (ACH50) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the conditioned medium. Furthermore, YH application upregulated the expression of SOD, CAT and NOX2 genes and downregulated mRNA levels of Keap1, Nrf2 and Bach1 in hepatocytes. Also, markedly higher lysozyme activity and albumin concentration were found in the conditioned medium of YH group compared to the control. Additionally, expression of immune-related genes such as antimicrobial peptides 1 (Leap 1) and Leap 2 were significantly upregulated by YH application. Down-regulated expression of NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2), Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and BTB and CNC homolog 1 (Bach1) were observed in YH treated hepatocytes. To conclude, YH supplementation improved antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of blunt snout bream hepatocytes.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant activity, Blunt snout bream, Hepatocyte, Innate immunity, Yeast hydrolysate,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• Cyprinidae imunologie   MeSH
• hepatocyty účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• imunomodulace účinky léků   MeSH
• proteinové hydrolyzáty farmakologie   MeSH
• sušené kvasnice farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• proteinové hydrolyzáty MeSH

Herein we report an efficient two step synthesis and biological assessment of 12 racemic tetrahydropyranodiquinolin-8-amines derivatives as antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-hepatotoxic agents. Based on the results of the primary screening, we identified 7-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-7H-pyrano[2,3-b:5,6-h']diquinolin-8-amine (2h) as a particularly interesting non-hepatotoxic compound that shows moderate antioxidant activity (1.83 equiv Trolox in the ORAC assay), a non competitive inhibition of hAChE (IC50 = 0.75 ± 0.01 μM), and brain permeable as determined by the PAMPA-Blood Brain Barrier assay.

• Klíčová slova
• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Alzheimer's disease, Antioxidants, Brain blood barrier, Hepatotoxicity, Molecular modeling, Multifunctional agents,
• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc farmakoterapie   MeSH
• aminochinoliny chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• GPI-vázané proteiny antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra metabolismus   MeSH
• lékové postižení jater MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
• ACHE protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• aminochinoliny MeSH
• antioxidancia MeSH
• cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
• GPI-vázané proteiny MeSH

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of ROS, organisms have evolved a complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line defense mechanism is the most efficient and involves antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line of defense plays an irreplaceable role in the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal of superoxide radicals by SOD prevents the formation of the much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO- (O2•- + NO• → ONOO-) and maintains the physiologically relevant level of nitric oxide (NO•), an important molecule in neurotransmission, inflammation, and vasodilation. The second-line antioxidant defense pathway involves exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. The third-line antioxidant defense is ensured by the repair or removal of oxidized proteins and other biomolecules by a variety of enzyme systems. This review briefly discusses the endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) and exogenous (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given to the first-line antioxidant defense system provided by SOD, CAT, and GPx. The chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes, enzyme-related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, and neurological diseases), and the role of enzymes (e.g., GPx4) in cellular processes such as ferroptosis are discussed. Potential therapeutic applications of enzyme mimics and recent progress in metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) and nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) are also discussed. Moreover, attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), and glutathione (GSH)), the activation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, and the protection against chronic diseases. Given that there is a discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies, approaches that may result in greater pharmacological and clinical success of low-molecular-weight antioxidant therapies are also subject to discussion.

• Klíčová slova
• Antioxidant enzymes, Chronic disease, Enzyme mimics, Low-molecular antioxidants, Oxidative stress, ROS,
• MeSH
• anthokyaniny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• antioxidancia * farmakologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• kyselina peroxydusitá farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• superoxidy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anthokyaniny MeSH
• antioxidancia * MeSH
• kyselina peroxydusitá MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa MeSH
• superoxidy MeSH

The study of ischemia/reperfusion injury included 25 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (19 perfused, 6 remained non-reperfused as evaluated according to the time course of creatine kinase and CK-MB isoenzyme activity) and a control group (21 blood donors). Plasma level of malondialdehyde was followed as a marker of oxidative stress. Shortly after reperfusion (within 90 min), a transient increase of malondialdehyde concentration was detected. The return to the baseline level was achieved 6 h after the onset of therapy. The activity of a free radical scavenger enzyme, plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reached its maximum 90 min after the onset of treatment and returned to the initial value after 18 h. The specificity of the GPx response was confirmed by comparing with both non-reperfused patients and the control group, where no significant increase was detected. The erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not exhibit significant changes during the interval studied in perfused patients, probably due to the stability of erythrocyte metabolism. In non-reperfused patients, a decrease of SOD was found during prolonged hypoxia. These results help to elucidate the mechanisms of fast activation of plasma antioxidant system during the reperfusion after myocardial infarction.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• erytrocyty enzymologie   MeSH
• fibrinolytika aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• infarkt myokardu farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• izoenzymy krev   MeSH
• kreatinkinasa, forma MB MeSH
• kreatinkinasa krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malondialdehyd krev   MeSH
• reperfuzní poškození myokardu metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• streptokinasa aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• trombolytická terapie MeSH
• volné radikály metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia MeSH
• fibrinolytika MeSH
• glutathionperoxidasa MeSH
• izoenzymy MeSH
• kreatinkinasa, forma MB MeSH
• kreatinkinasa MeSH
• malondialdehyd MeSH
• streptokinasa MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa MeSH
• volné radikály MeSH