BACKGROUND: Individuals with acquired brain injuries (ABI) are in need of neurorehabilitation and neurorepair. Virtual anatomical interactivity (VAI) presents a digital game-like format in which ABI survivors with upper limb paresis use an unaffected limb to control a standard input device and a commonplace computer mouse to control virtual limb movements and tasks in a virtual world. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 35 ambulatory survivors of ABI (25/71% stroke, 10/29% traumatic brain injury) were enrolled. The subjects were divided into three groups: group A received VAI therapy only, group B received VAI and physical/occupational therapy (P/OT), and group C received P/OT only. Motor skills were evaluated by muscle strength (hand key pinch strength, grasp, and three-jaw chuck pinch) and active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Changes were analyzed by ANOVA, ANCOVA, and one-tailed Pearson correlation analysis. MRI data was acquired for group A, and volumetric changes in grey matter were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and correlated with quantified motor skills. RESULTS: AROM of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist improved in all three groups. VBM revealed grey matter increases in five brain areas: the tail of the hippocampus, the left caudate, the rostral cingulate zone, the depth of the central sulcus, and the visual cortex. A positive correlation between the grey matter volumes in three cortical regions (motor and premotor and supplementary motor areas) and motor test results (power and AROM) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the VAI rehabilitation program significantly improved motor function and skills in the affected upper extremities of subjects with acquired brain injuries. Significant increases in grey matter volume in the motor and premotor regions of affected hemisphere and correlations of motor skills and volume in nonaffected brain regions were present, suggesting marked changes in structural brain plasticity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial "Limitations of motor brain activity - use of virtual reality for simulation of therapeutic interventions" has been registered under reference number ISRCTN11757651 .

• Klíčová slova
• Acquired brain injury (ABI), Brain plasticity, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Rehabilitation, Stroke, Therapeutic games, Traumatic brain injury (TBI), Video-observation-feedback therapy, Virtual anatomical interactivity (VAI), Virtual world,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ergoterapie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek patologie   MeSH
• obnova funkce * MeSH
• poranění mozku patologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě metody   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• videohry MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• BRAIN/wounds and injuries *,
• MeSH
• komoce mozku * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * MeSH
• poranění mozku * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Over a century ago, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted as a histopathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis and was hypothesized to play an important role in the development and course of this disease. However until today, the factual contribution of astrocytes to multiple sclerosis is elusive. Astrocytes may play an active role during degeneration and demyelination by controlling local inflammation in the CNS, provoking damage of oligodendrocytes and axons, and glial scarring but might also be beneficial by creating a permissive environment for remyelination and oligodendrocyte precursor migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Recent findings from our lab suggest that brain lipid binding protein (FABP7) is implicated in the course of multiple sclerosis and the regulation of astrocyte function. The relevance of our findings and data from other groups are highlighted and discussed in this paper in the context of myelin repair.

• MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• demyelinizační nemoci chemicky indukované   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• FABP7 MeSH
• kuprizon MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myelinová pochva metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• transportní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• FABP7 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• Fabp7 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• FABP7 MeSH
• kuprizon MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně MeSH
• proteiny vázající mastné kyseliny MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH

We examined the renal function in 18 brain dead patients 2-0 h before removing the kidneys and 72 h after their transplantation to the recipient. The kidneys were preserved by simple hypothermia. In brain dead patients we found no demonstrable relationships between PCr and CCr or between Purea and CCr. At this time the Purea and PCr values are not a sufficiently accurate indicator of renal function. We also examined the plasma and urinary concentrations of Na, K, urea and osmotically active substances and calculated their excretion fractions. We found that, prior to removal, the kidneys were in a state of combined osmotic and water diuresis. The osmotic diuresis was chiefly of a non-sodium type and was produced by a mannitol load. Water diuresis was evidently caused by inhibition of ADH output consequent to brain hypoxia. We also investigated the relationship between the CCr values before nephrectomy and in the early posttransplantation phase. We found that there was a relationship between the recipient's CCr values in the early posttransplantation period and donor's CCr/total ischaemic time index. Calculation of this index can be valuable, especially in high risk transplantations.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• draslík metabolismus   MeSH
• kreatinin metabolismus   MeSH
• ledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• močovina metabolismus   MeSH
• mozková smrt * MeSH
• nefrektomie * MeSH
• osmolární koncentrace MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• sodík metabolismus   MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * MeSH
• vyšetření funkce ledvin * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• draslík MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH
• močovina MeSH
• sodík MeSH

Hormones exert many actions in the brain. Their access and effects in the brain are regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hormones as other substances may enter the brain and vice versa either by paracellular way requiring breaching tight junctions stitching the endothelial cells composing the BBB, or by passage through the cells (transcellular way). Hormones influence both ways through their receptors, both membrane and intracellular, present on/in the BBB. In the review the main examples are outlined how hormones influence the expression and function of proteins forming the tight junctions, as well as how they regulate expression and function of major protein transporters mediating transport of various substances including hormone themselves.

• MeSH
• endoteliální buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• hematoencefalická bariéra cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• transport proteinů fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hormony MeSH

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS/STN) is an effective treatment for motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is less clear how DBS/STN affects cognitive functions. We investigated 19 PD patients (13 male, 6 female, mean age 57 +/- 6, mean PD duration 15 +/- 4 years) who received bilateral DBS/STN. Neuropsychological assessment was done before the surgery and at least 12 months after DBS implantation. The patients were examined in their optimal motor status. Global cognitive performance measured by Mattis Dementia Rating Scale was not significantly changed after DBS STN. The performance in Wechsler Memory Scale III decreased in the subtest Logical Memory, in delayed recall (p < 0.05) and in recognition (p < 0.05). In Stroop Test, the performance worsened in the second (p < 0.05), and third condition (p < 0.01) measuring interference and ability to suppress automatic reactions. In conclusion, patients treated by DBS/STN tend to worsen in executive functions and in logical memory.

• MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus * MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We spend much our lives interacting with others in various social contexts. Although we deal with this myriad of interpersonal exchanges with apparent ease, each one relies upon a broad array of sophisticated cognitive processes. Recent research suggests that the cognitive operations supporting interactive behaviour are themselves underpinned by several canonical functional brain networks (CFNs) that integrate dynamically with one another in response to changing situational demands. Dynamic integrations among these CFNs should therefore play a pivotal role in coordinating interpersonal behaviour. Further, different types of interaction should present different demands on cognitive systems, thereby eliciting distinct patterns of dynamism among these CFNs. To investigate this, the present study performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on 30 individuals while they interacted with one another cooperatively or competitively. By applying a novel combination of analytical techniques to these brain imaging data, we identify six states of dynamic functional connectivity characterised by distinct patterns of integration and segregation among specific CFNs that differ systematically between these opposing types of interaction. Moreover, applying these same states to fMRI data acquired from an independent sample engaged in the same kinds of interaction, we were able to classify interpersonal exchanges as cooperative or competitive. These results provide the first direct evidence for the systematic involvement of CFNs during social interactions, which should guide neurocognitive models of interactive behaviour and investigations into biomarkers for the interpersonal dysfunction characterizing many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

• Klíčová slova
• Canonical brain networks, Competition, Cooperation, Dynamic functional connectivity, Social interaction,
• MeSH
• duševní poruchy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální interakce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The bulk of brain energy expenditure is allocated for maintenance of perpetual intrinsic activity of neurons and neural circuits. Long-term electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in anesthetized and behaving animals show, however, that the great majority of nerve cells in the intact brain do not fire action potentials, i.e., are permanently silent. Herein, I review emerging data suggesting massive redundancy of nerve cells in mammalian nervous system, maintained in inhibited state at high energetic costs. Acquired in the course of evolution, these collections of dormant neurons and circuits evade routine functional undertakings, and hence, keep out of the reach of natural selection. Under penetrating stress and disease, however, they occasionally switch in active state and drive a variety of neuro-psychiatric symptoms and behavioral abnormalities. The increasing evidence for widespread occurrence of silent neurons warrants careful revision of functional models of the brain and entails unforeseen reserves for rehabilitation and plasticity.

• Klíčová slova
• Brain evolution, Schizophrenia; disinhibition; neuronal plasticity, Silent neurons, Synchronous activity, fMRI,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• mozek cytologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita fyziologie   MeSH
• neurozobrazování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hyperchloremia produces renal vasoconstriction and fall in glomerular filtration rate. In 90% of brain-dead organ donors, diabetes insipidus develops, characterized by inappropriate diuresis, hyperosmolality, and hyperchloremia. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the serum concentration of chlorides of the donor and the onset of the function of the kidney allograft in the recipient. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 213 donors and kidney allograft recipients. Serum creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates on the 1st, 7th, and 30th days after transplantation of the recipients from hyperchloremic donors were compared with the recipients from normochloremic donors, as well as the incidences of acute tubular necrosis and delayed graft function. RESULTS: On the 1st day, serum creatinine concentrations of the recipients from hyperchloremic and normochloremic donors, respectively, were 448.2 ± 212.1 μmol/L and 502.2 ± 197.8 μmol/L (P = .1), on the 7th day, 168.6 ± 102.6 μmol/L and 196.9 ± 120.6 μmol/L (P = .13), and on the 30th day, 129.4 ± 43.3 μmol/L and 131.8 ± 43.6 μmol/L (P = .73). The differences were statistically significant. The groups also did not differ significantly in glomerular filtration rates and incidences of acute tubular necrosis and delayed graft function. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no significant correlation between serum chloride concentrations of the organ donors and the onset of the function of kidney allografts in the recipients was found.

• MeSH
• acidóza komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• akutní tubulární nekróza krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• alografty patofyziologie   MeSH
• chloridy krev   fyziologie   MeSH
• dárci tkání * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kreatinin krev   MeSH
• ledviny patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozková smrt patofyziologie   MeSH
• opožděný nástup funkce štěpu krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * MeSH
• vyšetření funkce ledvin MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chloridy MeSH
• kreatinin MeSH

The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of multisensory rehabilitation on rats' cognition after an experimental brain trauma and to assess its possible clinical implications. The complex intermittent multisensory rehabilitation consisted of currently used major therapeutic procedures targeted at the improvement of cognitive functions; including multisensory and motor stimulation and enriched environment. We have confirmed this positive effect of early multisensory rehabilitation on the recovery of motor functions after traumatic brain injury. However, we have been able to prove a positive effect on the recovery of cognitive functions only with respect to the frequency of efficient search strategies in a Barnes maze test, while results for search time and travelled distance were not significantly different between study groups. We have concluded that the positive effects of an early treatment of functional deficits are comparable with the clinical results in early neurorehabilitation in human patients after brain trauma. It might therefore be reasonable to apply these experimental results to human medical neurorehabilitation care.

• MeSH
• bludiště - učení fyziologie   MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• poranění mozku rehabilitace   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH