• Klíčová slova
• ENVIRONMENT *, HOSPITALS *,
• MeSH
• nemocnice * MeSH
• podnebí * MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

"Our paper concentrates on a regional analysis of the relationship between living environment and public health.... We utilized the collected data concerning the relationship between environment and public health and worked out an application of these data to be implemented in Czechoslovakia (CSFR)....Czechoslovakia's extremely disturbed areas usually correspond to regions with high mortality rates. However, the relationship between the two phenomena is not explicit because these ¿disrupted' areas also have different ethnic and social structures. The education standards of their populations are usually lower, in addition to other adverse characteristics which can be described as socio-pathological." (SUMMARY IN CZE)

• Klíčová slova
• Causes Of Death *, Cultural Background, Czechoslovakia, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Economic Factors, Education *, Environment *, Ethnic Groups *, Europe, Health, Mortality *, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Public Health *, Social Class *, Socioeconomic Factors, Socioeconomic Status, Standard Of Living *,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• ekonomika MeSH
• etnicita * MeSH
• kultura MeSH
• mortalita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• příčina smrti * MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory * MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
• výchova a vzdělávání * MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

Most contemporary models of disease development consider the interaction between genotype and environment as static. The authors argue that because time is a key factor in genotype-environment interaction, this approach oversimplifies the pathology analysis and may lead to wrong conclusions. In reviewing the field, the authors suggest that the history of genotype-environment interactions plays an important role in the development of diseases and that this history may be analyzed using the phenotype as a proxy. Furthermore, a theoretical and experimental framework is proposed based on the assumption that phenotypes do not change from one to another randomly but are interconnected and follow certain phenotype trajectories. It then follows that analysis of such phenotype trajectories might be useful to predict the future phenotypes including the onset of disease. In addition, an analysis of phenotype trajectories can be subsequently used to choose better control subjects in comparative studies reducing noise and bias in studies investigating disease mechanisms.

• Klíčová slova
• disease, environment, health, pathosome, phenotype, preconditioning,
• MeSH
• čas MeSH
• epidemiologické metody MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genotyp * MeSH
• interakce genů a prostředí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely genetické * MeSH
• nemoc genetika   MeSH
• patologie metody   MeSH
• stárnutí genetika   MeSH
• zkreslení výsledků (epidemiologie) MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Parental or ancestral environments can induce heritable phenotypic changes, but whether such environment-induced heritable changes are a common phenomenon remains unexplored. Here, we subject 14 genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana to 10 different environmental treatments and observe phenotypic and genome-wide gene expression changes over four successive generations. We find that all treatments caused heritable phenotypic and gene expression changes, with a substantial proportion stably transmitted over all observed generations. Intriguingly, the susceptibility of a genotype to environmental inductions could be predicted based on the transposon abundance in the genome. Our study thus challenges the classic view that the environment only participates in the selection of heritable variation and suggests that the environment can play a significant role in generating of heritable variations.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis * genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• genotyp * MeSH
• interakce genů a prostředí MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA * genetika   MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• transpozibilní elementy DNA * MeSH

Background: The aim of this study is to explore if perception of an activity-friendly environment is associated with more physical activity and fewer screen-based activities among adolescents. Methods: We collected self-reported data in 2014 via the Health Behavior in School-aged Children cross-sectional study from four European countries (n = 13,800, mean age = 14.4, 49.4% boys). We explored the association of perceived environment (e.g., "There are other children nearby home to go out and play with") with physical activity and screen-based activities using a binary logistic regression model adjusted for age, gender, family affluence and country. Results: An environment perceived as activity-friendly was associated with higher odds that adolescents meet recommendations for physical activity (odds ratio (OR) for one standard deviation (SD) change = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.18) and lower odds for excessive screen-based activities (OR for 1 SD better = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98). Conclusions: Investment into an activity-friendly environment may support the promotion of active life styles in adolescence.

• Klíčová slova
• adolescence, perceived activity-friendly environment, physical activity, screen-based activities,
• MeSH
• cvičení psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• sedavý životní styl MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Consistent inter-individual variation in cognition has been increasingly explored in recent years in terms of its patterns, causes and consequences. One of its possible causes are consistent inter-individual differences in behaviour, also referred to as animal personalities, which are shaped by both the physical and the social environment. The latter is particularly relevant for group-living species like common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), apt learners that display substantial variation in both their personality and cognitive performance, yet no study to date has interlinked these with marmosets' social environment. Here we investigated (i) consistency of learning speed, and (ii) whether the PCA-derived personality traits Exploration-Avoidance and Boldness-Shyness as well as the social environment (i.e., family group membership) are linked with marmosets' speed of learning. We tested 22 individuals in series of personality and learning-focused cognitive tests, including simple motor tasks and discrimination learning tasks. We found that these marmosets showed significant inter-individual consistency in learning across the different tasks, and that females learned faster than males. Further, bolder individuals, and particularly those belonging to certain family groups, learned faster. These findings indicate that both personality and social environment affect learning speed in marmosets and could be important factors driving individual variation in cognition.

• MeSH
• Callithrix * psychologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• osobnost MeSH
• sociální prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

(1) Background: An increase in or at least the sustainment of walking activities across a wide section of the population is a crucial health-related task for Central and East European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between adolescents' walking activities and various levels of perceived safety of the built environment in differing socio-demographic backgrounds of Poland and the Czech Republic. Furthermore, we aimed to determine major moderators affecting the walking habits of adolescents in areas with different levels of walkability. (2) Methods: The surveys were conducted during the 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 school years in 24 Polish and 35 Czech secondary schools, with a sample of 2001 adolescents. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form and the NEWS-Abbreviated. Selected students took part in objective weekly monitoring of physical activity (PA). (3) Results: Boys and girls who perceived their neighborhood environment as the safest were significantly more likely to meet the recommendations for leisure-time walking. Adolescents from the safest environment achieved 11,024 steps/day on average, while those from the least safe environment achieved 9686 steps/day. (4) Conclusions: A safe neighborhood environment significantly predicts walking activities among girls. Environmental safety improvement can support the active transport and better use of leisure time PA.

• Klíčová slova
• IPAQ-long form, built environment, recommendation, steps,
• MeSH
• aktigrafie MeSH
• bezpečnost * MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení * MeSH
• chůze psychologie   MeSH
• cvičení psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• školy MeSH
• volnočasové aktivity psychologie   MeSH
• životní prostředí - projekt MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ABNORMALITIES *, ENVIRONMENT *,
• MeSH
• fibrinogen * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vrozené vady * MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fibrinogen * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Research on physical activity in relation to obesity gradually becomes more focused on environmental determinants, which can potentially influence people's health choices. The present article addresses the topic of physical activity from a wider sociological perspective. Our pilot study was designed with the objective of testing the applicability of a method included in the EC 6th Framework Programme EURO-PREVOB, in the Czech context. The method examines specific determinants of the built environment that can have an impact on physical activity at the population level. In addition, the study aims to analyze possible differences in built environment indicators and their relation to the physical activity of people living in neighbourhoods with areas of varying socioeconomic status. METHODS: The field study was carried out in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, in 5 neighbourhood quintiles, i.e. areas divided according to the socioeconomic status of local residents. In each quintile, we evaluated the quality of the built environment according to the quality, aesthetics and safety of segregated cycle facilities, playgrounds/playing areas, public open spaces, marked road crossings and pavements as well as signs of incivilities and devastation. RESULTS: Between the five quintiles, significant differences were found in the quality of parks and playgrounds/playing areas, pavements, marking of pedestrian crossings, and in general aesthetics, i.e. signs of incivilities and devastation of the built environment. No differences were found in the quality and use of cycle facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The method we used for the evaluation of the built environment proved highly applicable in Czech populated areas. Monitoring of built environment indicators in the Czech Republic should provide a basis for health maps, showing potential associations between the prevalence of high-incidence, non-infectious diseases and various social determinants of physical activity. This information might help in achieving an improvement in these determinants at a community level and promoting an increase in physical activity at the population level.

• Klíčová slova
• cycle lanes, pavements, playground aesthetics, social determinants, walking environment,
• MeSH
• charakteristiky bydlení MeSH
• estetika MeSH
• hra a hračky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pohybová aktivita * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• životní prostředí - projekt * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ENVIRONMENT *,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH