The current evidence of regulatory effect of smoke-water (SW) and karrikinolide (KAR(1)) on the concentrations of endogenous cytokinins in plants partly explain the basis for their growth stimulatory activity. Karrikinolide (KAR1) which is derived from smoke-water (SW) is involved in some physiological aspects in the life-cycle of plants. This suggests a potential influence on the endogenous pool (quantity and quality) of phytohormones such as cytokinins (CKs). In the current study, the effect of SW (1:500; 1:1000; 1:1500 v/v dilutions) and KAR1 (10(-7); 10(-8); 10(-9) M) applied during micropropagation of Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis on the ex vitro growth and CKs after 4 months post-flask duration was evaluated. The interactions of SW and KAR(1) with benzyladenine (BA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or BA+NAA were also assessed. Plants treated with SW (1:500) and KAR1 (10(-8) M) demonstrated superior growth in terms of the rooting, leaf and bulb sizes and fresh biomass than the control and plants treated with BA and BA+NAA. However, plant growth was generally inhibited with either SW (1:500) or KAR1 (10(-8) M) and BA when compared to BA (alone) treatment. Relative to NAA treatment, the presence of KAR(1) (10(-7) M) with NAA significantly increased the leaf area and fresh biomass. Both SW and KAR1-treated plants accumulated more total CKs, mainly isoprenoid-type than the control and NAA-treated plants. The highest CK content was also accumulated in SW (1:500) with BA+NAA treatments. Similar stimulatory effects were observed with increasing concentrations of KAR(1) and BA. The current findings establish that SW and KAR1 exert significant influence on the endogenous CK pools. However, the better growth of plants treated with SW and KAR1 treatments was not exclusively related to the endogenous CKs.

• Klíčová slova
• Acclimatization, Asparagaceae, Conservation, Medicinal plants, Plant growth regulators, UHPLC,
• MeSH
• aklimatizace * MeSH
• Asparagaceae účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• cytokininy analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• furany farmakologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kouř MeSH
• kyseliny naftalenoctové metabolismus   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny MeSH
• lipnicovité MeSH
• listy rostlin účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• pyrany farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• výhonky rostlin účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 1-naphthaleneacetic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• cytokininy MeSH
• furany MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř MeSH
• kyseliny naftalenoctové MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• voda MeSH

Plant-derived smoke stimulates seed germination in numerous plant species. Smoke also has a positive stimulatory effect on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The range of plant families affected my smoke still needs to be established since the initial study was restricted to only three species from the Amaryllidaceae. The effects of smoke-water (SW) and the smoke-derived compounds, karrikinolide (KAR1 ) and trimethylbutenolide (TMB) on pollen growth characteristics were evaluated in seven different plant families. Smoke-water (1:1000 and 1:2000 v:v) combined with either Brewbaker and Kwack's (BWK) medium or sucrose and boric acid (SB) medium significantly improved pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Aloe maculata All., Kniphofia uvaria Oken, Lachenalia aloides (L.f.) Engl. var. aloides and Tulbaghia simmleri P. Beauv. Karrikinolide (10(-6) and 10(-7) m) treatment significantly improved pollen tube growth in A. maculata, K. uvaria, L. aloides and Nematanthus crassifolius (Schott) Wiehle compared to the controls. BWK or SB medium containing TMB (10(-3) m) produced significantly longer pollen tubes in A. maculata, K. uvaria and N. crassifolius. These results indicate that plant-derived smoke and the smoke-isolated compounds may stimulate pollen growth in a wide range of plant species.

• Klíčová slova
• Karrikinolide, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, smoke-water, trimethylbutenolide,
• MeSH
• furany farmakologie   MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• kouř MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• liliovité účinky léků   MeSH
• pyl účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pylová láčka účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pyrany farmakologie   MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• butenolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• furany MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• voda MeSH

Smoke-derived butenolide compounds have, in recent years, been shown to be important germination signaling molecules, which also affect seedling growth. The butenolide 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one was previously isolated from plant-derived smoke and was found to significantly reduce the effect on germination by the highly active promotor karrikinolide (KAR1, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one), another smoke-derived compound. In this study, 11 analogs of 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one were synthesized and their effect on the germination of light-sensitive 'Grand Rapids' lettuce seeds (Lactua sativa cv. 'Grand Rapids') were evaluated. A concentration series (1mM-1μM) of the analogs were tested alone, or in combination with 0.01μM KAR1. Only two compounds were found to reduce the germination promotory effect of 0.01μM KAR1 in a similar manner as observed with 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one, with activity ranging from 1mM to 10μM. Four compounds were found to have inhibitory activity at 1mM and 100μM. The retention of activity by some of the analogs may be useful for designing novel compounds with improved activity. Furthermore, understanding the structure-activity relationships of these compounds may be helpful in synthesizing molecular probes that can be used to further investigate the mechanism of action of these compounds in regulating seed germination.

• Klíčová slova
• Butenolide, KAR(1), Karrikinolide, Lactuca sativa, Seed germination, Smoke, karrikinolide (3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one),
• MeSH
• furany chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• kouř analýza   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
• pyrany farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin chemická syntéza   farmakologie   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• semena rostlinná účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one MeSH Prohlížeč
• furany MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. subspecies autumnalis is a popular African plant that is susceptible to population decline because the bulbs are widely utilized for diverse medicinal purposes. As a result, approaches to ensure the sustainability of the plants are essential. In the current study, the influence of smoke-water (SW) and karrikinolide (KAR1 isolated from SW extract) on the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of in vitro and greenhouse-acclimatized Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis were evaluated. Leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with SW (1:500, 1:1000 and 1:1500 v/v dilutions) or KAR1 (10-7, 10-8 and 10-9 M) and grown for ten weeks. In vitro regenerants were subsequently acclimatized in the greenhouse for four months. Bioactive phytochemicals in different treatments were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS), while antioxidant potential was evaluated using two chemical tests namely: DPPH and the β-carotene model. Smoke-water and KAR1 generally influenced the quantity and types of phytochemicals in in vitro regenerants and acclimatized plants. In addition to eucomic acid, 15 phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantified; however, some were specific to either the in vitro regenerants or greenhouse-acclimatized plants. The majority of the phenolic acids and flavonoids were generally higher in in vitro regenerants than in acclimatized plants. Evidence from the chemical tests indicated an increase in antioxidant activity of SW and KAR1-treated regenerants and acclimatized plants. Overall, these findings unravel the value of SW and KAR1 as potential elicitors for bioactive phytochemicals with therapeutic activity in plants facilitated via in vitro culture systems. In addition, it affords an efficient means to ensure the sustainability of the investigated plant. Nevertheless, further studies focusing on the use of other types of antioxidant test systems (including in vivo model) and the carry-over effect of the application of SW and KAR1 for a longer duration will be pertinent. In addition, the safety of the resultant plant extracts and their pharmacological efficacy in clinical relevance systems is required.

• Klíčová slova
• asparagaceae, conservation, eucomic acid, flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, micropropagation, phenolic acids,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Bioactive compounds such as karrikinolide (KAR1 from smoke) and eckol (from the seaweed Ecklonia maxima) show promising effects on several important crop plants. These plant growth-stimulating organic biomolecules, along with crude extracts (smoke-water and Kelpak® product prepared from Ecklonia maxima), were tested on spinach plants. Eckol sprayed at 10-6 M significantly increased all the growth and biochemical parameters examined compared to control spinach plants. All tested plant growth biostimulants significantly increased total chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein content of spinach leaves. The cytokinin profile of spinach plants was also determined. Cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin and isopentenyladenine types of cytokinins were promoted by both smoke- and seaweed-based biostimulants. In comparison to the control plants, the level of free sinapic acid was greater in all spinach plants treated with these biostimulants. The application of these biostimulants can help spinach crop by improving growth, yield and nutritional quality; moreover, they are organic and cost-effective.

• Klíčová slova
• Biostimulants, Growth, Leafy vegetables, Phytohormones, Seaweed, Smoke,
• MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• dioxiny izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• furany izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty metabolismus   MeSH
• kouř analýza   MeSH
• mořské řasy chemie   MeSH
• Phaeophyceae chemie   MeSH
• pyrany izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Spinacia oleracea účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• zemědělské plodiny účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokininy MeSH
• dioxiny MeSH
• eckol MeSH Prohlížeč
• furany MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř MeSH
• phenolic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

The biologically active molecules karrikinolide (KAR1) and trimethylbutenolide (TMB) present in wildfire smoke play a key role in regulating seed germination of many plant species. To elucidate the physiological mechanism by which smoke-water (SW), KAR1, and TMB regulate seed germination in photosensitive 'Grand Rapids' lettuce (Lactuca sativa), we investigated levels of the dormancy-inducing hormone abscisic acid (ABA), three auxin catabolites, and cytokinins (26 isoprenoid and four aromatic) in response to these compounds. Activity of the hydrolytic enzymes α-amylase and lipase along with stored food reserves (lipids, carbohydrate, starch, and protein) were also assessed. The smoke compounds precisely regulated ABA and hydrolytic enzymes under all light conditions. ABA levels under red (R) light were not significantly different in seeds treated with TMB or water. However, TMB-treated seeds showed significantly inhibited germination (33%) compared with water controls (100%). KAR1 significantly enhanced total isoprenoid cytokinins under dark conditions in comparison with other treatments; however, there was no significant effect under R light. Enhanced levels of indole-3-aspartic acid (an indicator of high indole-3-acetic acid accumulation, which inhibits lettuce seed germination) and absence of trans-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside (the most active cytokinins) in TMB-treated seeds might be responsible for reduced germination under R light. Our results demonstrate that SW and KAR1 significantly promote lettuce seed germination by reducing levels of ABA and enhancing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, which aids in mobilizing stored reserves. However, TMB inhibits germination by enhancing ABA levels and reducing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes.

• MeSH
• furany farmakologie   MeSH
• fytochrom metabolismus   MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   MeSH
• kouř * MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• pyrany farmakologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• furany MeSH
• fytochrom MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř * MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• trimethylbutenolide MeSH Prohlížeč

Smoke-derived compounds provide a strong chemical signal to seeds in the soil seed bank, allowing them to take advantage of the germination niche created by the occurrence of fire. The germination stimulatory activity of smoke can largely be attributed to karrikinolide (KAR(1) ), while a related compound, trimethylbutenolide (TMB), has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on germination. The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of these potent fire-generated compounds. Dose-response analysis, leaching tests and a detailed transcriptome study were performed using highly KAR(1) -sensitive lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv 'Grand Rapids') achenes. Dose-response analysis demonstrated that the compounds are not competitors and TMB modulates germination in a concentration-dependent manner. The transcriptome analysis revealed a contrasting expression pattern induced by the compounds. KAR(1) suppressed, while TMB up-regulated ABA, seed maturation and dormancy-related transcripts. The effect of TMB was reversed by leaching the compound, while the KAR(1) effect was only reversible by leaching within the first 2 h of KAR(1) treatment. Our findings suggest that the compounds may act in concert for germination-related signaling. After the occurrence of fire, sufficient rainfall would contribute to post-germination seedling recruitment by reducing the concentration of the inhibitory compound.

• MeSH
• furany metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton analogy a deriváty   analýza   farmakologie   MeSH
• klíčení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• kouř analýza   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová metabolismus   MeSH
• požáry MeSH
• pyrany metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky léků   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• salát (hlávkový) účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• semena rostlinná účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• vegetační klid účinky léků   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• butenolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• furany MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton MeSH
• karrikinolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• kouř MeSH
• kyselina abscisová MeSH
• pyrany MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH

Smoke derived karrikinolide and trimethylbutenolide exerted neuroprotective effects against monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. Synthesis of potent analogs was achieved. Sulphur substitution in the bicyclic ring structure of KAR1 displayed the most encouraging activity returning IC50 values of 13.75 ± 0.001 μM and 0.03 ± 0.02 μM for monoamine oxidase A and B and 0.08 ± 0.006 μM for acetylcholinesterase. Neuroprotective butenolides may be particularly useful in the treatment of depressive disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Acetylcholinesterase, Karrikinolide, Monoamine oxidase, Smoke, Synthesis, Trimethylbutenolide,
• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus   MeSH
• depresivní poruchy farmakoterapie   MeSH
• furany chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton analogy a deriváty   chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• inhibitory MAO chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• monoaminoxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci farmakoterapie   MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• pyrany chemická syntéza   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 3-methyl-2H-furo(2,3-c)pyran-2-one MeSH Prohlížeč
• 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one MeSH Prohlížeč
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
• butenolide MeSH Prohlížeč
• furany MeSH
• gama-butyrolakton MeSH
• inhibitory MAO MeSH
• monoaminoxidasa MeSH
• neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
• pyrany MeSH

Smoke-water (SW) and Karrikinolide1 (KAR1) release dormancy and improve seed germination in many plant species. Therefore, we tested SW (1:2500 v/v) and KAR1 (10-7 M) to break the morphological dormancy of celery cultivar (Apium graveolens L.). In the first trial, seeds were subjected to a 21-day incubation period at 20 °C with SW and KAR1 applied as single treatments. KAR1 showed significantly improved germination (30.7%) as compared to SW (17.2%) and a water control (14.7%). In seed soaking experiments, SW, KAR1, and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments showed higher germination percentages than the water control after 3 and 6 h of soaking. However, prolonged soaking (12 h) reduced germination percentages for all treatments, indicating a detrimental effect. Analysis of KAR1 content dynamics in 7-day- and 21-day-old celery seeds indicated its prolonged effects on germination and dormancy alleviation. Phytohormones, including auxins in 7-day-old and cytokinins in 7-day- and 21-day-old celery seedlings, along with their precursors and metabolites, were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) after treatment with KAR1 and SW. The analysis of auxin levels in 7-day-old seeds revealed a negative correlation between seed germination and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) content. Notably, it was found that KAR1-treated seeds significantly reduced IAA levels in all treatments. SW and KAR1 did not significantly affect cytokinin levels during celery germination except for N6-Isopentenyladenine. Hence, further research is needed to understand their precise role in celery seed germination. This work will improve our understanding of the role of bioactive compounds from plant-derived smoke and how they regulate hormonal responses and improve germination efficiency in celery.

• Klíčová slova
• Karrikinolide, biostimulants, celery, phytohormones, smoke-water,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Plant-derived smoke and smoke-isolated compounds stimulate germination in seeds from over 80 genera. It has also been reported that smoke affects overall plant vigour and has a stimulatory effect on pollen growth. The effect of smoke on orchid seeds, however, has not been assessed. In South Africa, orchid seeds from several genera may be exposed to smoke when they are released from their seedpods. It is therefore possible that smoke may affect their germination and growth. Therefore, the effects of smoke [applied as smoke-water (SW)] and two smoke-derived compounds, karrikinolide (KAR1 ) and trimethylbutenolide (TMB), were investigated on the germination and growth of orchid seeds in vitro. The effect of SW, KAR1 and TMB were investigated on the endangered epiphytic orchid, Ansellia africana, which is indigenous to tropical areas of Africa. Smoke-water, KAR1 and TMB were infused in half-strength MS medium. The number of germinated seeds and number of seeds and protocorm bodies to reach predetermined developmental stages were recorded on a weekly basis using a dissecting microscope for a 13-week period. Infusing SW 1:250 (v:v) into half-strength MS medium significantly increased the germination rate index (GRI) and the development rate index (DRI) of the A. africana seeds. All the SW treatments significantly increased the number of large protocorm bodies at the final stage of development. Infusing KAR1 into the growing medium had no significant effect on germination or development of the seeds. The TMB treatment, however, significantly reduced the GRI and DRI of A. africana seeds.

• Klíčová slova
• Ansellia africana, developmental rate index, germination rate index, karrikinolide, leopard orchid, smoke-water, trimethylbutenolide,
• MeSH
• klíčení * MeSH
• kouř * MeSH
• květy fyziologie   MeSH
• Orchidaceae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• semena rostlinná růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kouř * MeSH