In this review I focus on the role of splicing in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) life. First, I summarize differences between the splicing efficiency of protein-coding genes and lncRNAs and discuss why non-coding RNAs are spliced less efficiently. In the second half of the review, I speculate why splice sites are the most conserved sequences in lncRNAs and what additional roles could splicing play in lncRNA metabolism. I discuss the hypothesis that the splicing machinery can, besides its dominant role in intron removal and exon joining, protect cells from undesired transcripts.

• Klíčová slova
• SR proteins, large intervening non-coding RNA, snRNP, spliceosomes, splicing,
• MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   MeSH
• sestřih RNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

A colorectal adenoma, an aberrantly growing tissue, arises from the intestinal epithelium and is considered as precursor of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in adenomas, hypothesizing that chromosomal instability (CIN) occurs early in adenomas. We applied array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to fresh frozen colorectal adenomas and their adjacent mucosa from 16 patients who underwent colonoscopy examination. In our study, histologically similar colorectal adenomas showed wide variability in chromosomal instability. Based on the obtained results, we further stratified patients into four distinct groups. The first group showed the gain of MALAT1 and TALAM1, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The second group involved patients with numerous microdeletions. The third group consisted of patients with a disrupted karyotype. The fourth group of patients did not show any CIN in adenomas. Overall, we identified frequent losses in genes, such as TSC2, COL1A1, NOTCH1, MIR4673, and GNAS, and gene gain containing MALAT1 and TALAM1. Since long non-coding RNA MALAT1 is associated with cancer cell metastasis and migration, its gene amplification represents an important event for adenoma development.

• Klíčová slova
• MALAT1, adenomas, array comparative genomic hybridization, colorectal cancer, long non-coding RNA,
• MeSH
• adenom * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• chromozomální nestabilita MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prekancerózy * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   MeSH
• srovnávací genomová hybridizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• MALAT1 long non-coding RNA, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most fatal human cancers both in males and females. This type of cancer is categorized to different subtypes among them is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 80% of all cases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to influence the pathogenic course of lung cancer. However, the contribution of LINC01433 lncRNA in this type of cancer in Iranian patients is not clear. PURPOSE: In the current project, we evaluated expression of LINC01433 in 42 NSCLC samples and their paired non-tumoral tissues using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method. Samples were collected from patients admitted to Labbafinejad Hospital during 2016-2017. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the expression of LINC01433 between tumoral and non-tumoral tissues (expression ratio 0.67, p = 0.42). Expression of this lncRNA was not associated with any of clinical and demographic data including age, gender, smoking history, stage or cancer subtype. CONCLUSION: Based on the similar expression levels of this lncRNA between tumoral and non-tumoral tissues and lack of association between expression levels and clinical data, this lncRNA is not a possible contributor to lung cancer in Iranian patients. However, expression analysis of this lncRNA in larger sample sizes is needed to verify our results.

• Klíčová slova
• expression, long non-coding RNA, lung cancer,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic genetika   patologie   MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic genetika   patologie   MeSH
• plíce metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

The molecular target of mycotoxins is not fully understood. Extensive data derived from cell and animal experimental studies demonstrate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in mycotoxin-induced toxicities. Mycotoxins stimulate the upregulation/downregulation of lncRNA expression, which further promote apoptosis, is related to the mTOR/FoxO signaling pathway, and contributes to tumor cell growth, death, and liver and chondrocyte damage. Moreover, lncRNA can establish interactions with NF-κB and cause immune evasion. These preliminary data suggest that lncRNAs are involved in potential upstream regulatory events and further regulate downstream apoptosis, oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic events that affect cell death and survival. Therefore, we hypothesize that lncRNAs are potential targets of mycotoxins. Investigation of the expression of the potential target lncRNAs by mycotoxin-mediated stimulation, and exploration of the upstream and downstream relationship between lncRNA and the key proteins involved in mycotoxin toxicity, should be performed. This Hypothesis provides clues for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mycotoxins.

• Klíčová slova
• Long non-coding RNA, Mycotoxins, Oxidative stress, Target, Toxicity mechanism,
• MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• autofagie účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mykotoxiny farmakologie   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující metabolismus   MeSH
• únik nádoru z imunitní kontroly účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mykotoxiny MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující MeSH

The human genome contains about 22 000 protein-coding genes that are transcribed to an even larger amount of messenger RNAs (mRNA). Interestingly, the results of the project ENCODE from 2012 show, that despite up to 90 % of our genome being actively transcribed, protein-coding mRNAs make up only 2-3 % of the total amount of the transcribed RNA. The rest of RNA transcripts is not translated to proteins and that is why they are referred to as "non-coding RNAs". Earlier the non-coding RNA was considered "the dark matter of genome", or "the junk", whose genes has accumulated in our DNA during the course of evolution. Today we already know that non-coding RNAs fulfil a variety of regulatory functions in our body - they intervene into epigenetic processes from chromatin remodelling to histone methylation, or into the transcription process itself, or even post-transcription processes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are one of the classes of non-coding RNAs that have more than 200 nucleotides in length (non-coding RNAs with less than 200 nucleotides in length are called small non-coding RNAs). lncRNAs represent a widely varied and large group of molecules with diverse regulatory functions. We can identify them in all thinkable cell types or tissues, or even in an extracellular space, which includes blood, specifically plasma. Their levels change during the course of organogenesis, they are specific to different tissues and their changes also occur along with the development of different illnesses, including atherosclerosis. This review article aims to present lncRNAs problematics in general and then focuses on some of their specific representatives in relation to the process of atherosclerosis (i.e. we describe lncRNA involvement in the biology of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or immune cells), and we further describe possible clinical potential of lncRNA, whether in diagnostics or therapy of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations.Key words: atherosclerosis - lincRNA - lncRNA - MALAT - MIAT.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

Whole-genome sequencing analyses revealed that the majority of the human genome is transcribed and identified thousands of protein non-coding transcripts. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are divided into two main groups: small and long ncRNAs. This review is focused on the regulatory ncRNAs mainly on microRNAs and long ncRNAs. These ncRNAs regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this context, ncRNAs are involved in the regulation of most cellular processes and their deregulation has serious impacts on the phenotype. Hundreds of studies have implicated ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of many diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to diseases of organ systems as well as various types of cancers.Clinically, ncRNAs belong to a new generation of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with a great potential. Due to high tissue specificity and ability to regulate multiple genes often within one signaling pathway, ncRNAs represent attractive therapeutic targets. Increasing knowledge about a wide spectrum of ncRNA actions demonstrate a pivotal role of these transcripts in expression regulation. Many aspects of the ncRNA biology are still unclear and their understanding will provide us a new perspective on the complexity of the regulatory network.

• Klíčová slova
• gene expression regulation, miRNA lncRNA., non-coding RNA,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• nekódující RNA genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA MeSH
• nekódující RNA MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující MeSH

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are more than 200-nucleotide-long RNA molecules that affect multiple physiologic phenomena and have important regulatory functions in cells. Their levels are often altered in various malignancies, thus they represent a potential biomarker for the diagnostics, prognosis or recurrence of cancer. Their importance has recently led to an enormous increase in a number of publications on the subject. The most frequently studied lncRNAs are HOTAIR, MALAT1 and PCA3. AIM: Numerous methods are currently being developed for the analysis or detection of lncRNA. They are mostly based on optical methods used for the detection of messenger RNAs, including polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription, fluorescence in situ hybridisation or next-generation sequencing, but caution must be taken due to their structural differences. Here, we describe not only standard but also novel techniques for lncRNA detection, including chemiluminescent and electrochemical techniques. CONCLUSION: Despite the great progress and plethora of papers on this topic, there is only one single approved lncRNA-based diagnostic test, a PCA3 test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer from the patients urine. All other tests are only in their research phase and need to be validated. Nevertheless, lncRNA diagnostics offer enormous potential and thus it is highly probable that other diagnostic tests on different lncRNA types will soon appear.

• Klíčová slova
• biosensing techniques, carcinogenesis, long non-coding RNA, tumor biomarkers,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory prostaty diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující MeSH

In plants, sugars are the key source of energy and metabolic building blocks. The systemic transport of sugars is essential for plant growth and morphogenesis. Plants evolved intricate molecular networks to effectively distribute sugars. The dynamic distribution of these osmotically active compounds is a handy tool for regulating cell turgor pressure, an instructive force in developmental biology. In this study, we have investigated the molecular mechanism behind the dual role of the receptor-like kinase CANAR. We functionally characterized a long non-coding RNA, CARMA, as a negative regulator of CANAR. Sugar-responsive CARMA specifically fine-tunes CANAR expression in the phloem, the route of sugar transport. Our genetic, molecular, microscopy, and biophysical data suggest that the CARMA-CANAR module controls the shoot-to-root phloem transport of sugars, allows cells to flexibly adapt to the external osmolality by appropriate water uptake, and thus adjust the size of vascular cell types during organ growth and development. Our study identifies a nexus of plant vascular tissue formation with cell internal pressure monitoring, revealing a novel functional aspect of long non-coding RNAs in developmental biology.

• Klíčová slova
• auxin, cell size, lncRNA, sugar transport, turgor,
• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• floém metabolismus   cytologie   genetika   MeSH
• osmoregulace * genetika   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• sacharosa * metabolismus   MeSH
• velikost buňky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny huseníčku MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH
• sacharosa * MeSH

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent musculoskeletal disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis of OA, prognostic biomarkers or effective targeted treatment are not currently available. Research on epigenetic factors has yielded some new insights as new technologies for their detection continue to emerge. In this context, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs, regulate intracellular signaling pathways and biological processes that have a crucial role in the development of several diseases. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of epigenetic factors with a focus on non-coding RNAs in the development, prediction and treatment of OA. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

• Klíčová slova
• biomarker, epigenetic factors, non-coding RNA, osteoarthritis, targeted treatment,
• MeSH
• kruhová RNA MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   MeSH
• osteoartróza * genetika   MeSH
• Piwi-interagující RNA MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kruhová RNA MeSH
• mikro RNA * MeSH
• Piwi-interagující RNA MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH

The significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of human cancers has attracted increasing attention in recent years of investigations. Having versatile interactions and diverse functions, lncRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor-suppressors to actively regulate cell proliferation, survival, stemness, drug resistance, invasion and metastasis. LINC00467, an oncogenic member of long intergenic non-coding RNAs, is upregulated in numerous malignancies and its high expression is often related to poor clinicopathological features. LINC00467 facilitates the progression of cancer via sponging tumor-suppressive microRNAs, inhibiting cell death cascade, modulating cell cycle controllers, and regulating signalling pathways including AKT, STAT3, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin. A growing number of studies have revealed that LINC00467 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and its inhibitory targeting has a valuable therapeutic potential to suppress the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In the present review, we discuss the importance of LINC00467 and provide a comprehensive collection of its functions and molecular mechanisms in a variety of cancer types.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer, LINC00467, Oncogene, lncRNA, miRNA,
• MeSH
• beta-katenin genetika   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• karcinogeneze genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory * genetika   MeSH
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• onkogeny genetika   MeSH
• proliferace buněk genetika   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-katenin MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• mikro RNA * MeSH
• NF-kappa B MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující * MeSH