Exosomes, derived from stem cells, have great promise in regenerative medicine due to their capabilities of ameliorating inflammation, preventing tissue damage and promoting healing, which in part are associated with the exosomal RNA/miRNA. The application of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in treating hepatic disorders including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has drawn much attention. In this chapter, we describe our experience in culturing human mesenchymal stem cells and isolating their exosomes from culture medium through ultracentrifugation. Methods to extract exosomal RNA/miRNA are also discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• Conditioned medium, Exosomes, Mesenchymal stem cells, Ultracentrifugation, miRNAs,
• MeSH
• exozómy * genetika   MeSH
• kmenové buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * MeSH
• mikro RNA * genetika   MeSH
• ultracentrifugace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mikro RNA * MeSH

Human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit CD29, CD79 and CD105 markers, characteristic for mesenchymal cell lines. Under the influence of the appropriate factors, WJ-MSCs can be dedifferentiated to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, glial cells and dopaminergic neurons. Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is one of the potential sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - obtaining these cells does not raise moral or ethical objections, because the umbilical cord (UC) is a regular waste material. The expression of the OCT-4 and Nanog proteins, which are characteristic for WJ-MSCs may indicate that these cells have retained some embryonic character. The collected data suggests that WJMSCs show increased division and telomerase activity compared to bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). The published results showed no human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression, with the possibility of HLA class I modification by WJ-MSCs, allowing for the transplantation of these cells both within the same and other species - which allows the use of human cells in animal models. The results of selected studies indicate that WJ-MSCs can be an essential element of regenerative medicine of the 21st century.

• Klíčová slova
• WJ, clinical application, isolation, mesenchymal stem cells, properties,
• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• dediferenciace buněk MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• pupečník cytologie   MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk * MeSH
• Whartonův rosol cytologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

Cardiac damage is one of major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Despite the development in pharmacotherapy, cardiosurgery and interventional cardiology, many patients remain at increased risk of developing adverse cardiac remodeling. An alternative treatment approach is the application of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are among the most promising cell types usable for cardiac regeneration. Their homing to the damaged area, differentiation into cardiomyocytes, paracrine and/or immunomodulatory effect on cardiac tissue was investigated extensively. Despite promising preclinical reports, clinical trials on human patients are not convincing. Meta-analyses of these trials open many questions and show that routine clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells as a cardiac treatment may be not as helpful as expected. This review summarizes contemporary knowledge about mesenchymal stem cells role in cardiac tissue repair and discusses the problems and perspectives of this experimental therapeutical approach.

• Klíčová slova
• cardiac regeneration, cardiology, cardiomyocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, results translation,
• MeSH
• kardiomyocyty fyziologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci patologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   MeSH
• myokard MeSH
• regenerace fyziologie   MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství * MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are primitive cells capable of restoring damaged mesenchyme and with the ability to differentiate into mature cells of bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, nerve or fibrous tissues. MSCs are therefore good candidates for applications in regenerative medicine and cell based therapy. They regenerate through self-renewal, differentiational capacity, immune modulation and secretion of bioactive molecules. Authors present a review of MSCs applications in otorhinolaryngology. The major interest is focused on phonosurgery, sensorineural deafness and reconstruction of large tissue defects with bone, cartilage or soft tissue replacement. Current evidence of MSCs treatment efficacy in otorhinolaryngology is based on animal models. The true impact on clinical treatment will not be known until clinical studies prove functional outcomes in human medicine.

• MeSH
• biologické modely * MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace fyziologie   MeSH
• chrupavka cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová tkáň cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• otorinolaryngologie metody   MeSH
• regenerativní lékařství metody   MeSH
• řízená tkáňová regenerace metody   MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are mesoderm-derived adult stem cells with self-proliferation capacity, pluripotent differentiation potency, and excellent histocompatibility. These advantages make hMSCs a promising tool in clinical application. However, the majority of clinical trials using hMSC therapy for diverse human diseases do not achieve expectations, despite the prospective pre-clinical outcomes in animal models. This is partly attributable to the intrinsic heterogeneity of hMSCs. In this review, the cause of heterogeneity in hMSCs is systematically discussed at multiple levels, including isolation methods, cultural conditions, donor-to-donor variation, tissue sources, intra-tissue subpopulations, etc. Additionally, the effect of hMSCs heterogeneity on the contrary role in tumor progression and immunomodulation is also discussed. The attempts to understand the cellular heterogeneity of hMSCs and its consequences are important in supporting and improving therapeutic strategies for hMSCs.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer therapy, Heterogeneity, Mesenchymal stem cells,
• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk * metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This study examines the effects of ultraviolet-induced adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their supernatants on wound healing regarding cell viability, percentage of wound healing, released cytokine, and growth factors. It has been reported in previous studies that mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to ultraviolet light and have a protective effect on skin cells against ultraviolet-induced damage. At the same time, there are many studies in the literature about the positive effects of cytokines and growth factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. Based on this information, the effects of ultraviolet-induced adipose-derived stem cells and supernatants containing their secreted cytokines and growth factors on an in vitro two-dimensional wound model created with two different cell lines were investigated in this study. It was determined from the results that the highest cell viability and the least apoptotic staining were 100 mJ in mesenchymal stem cells (**p < 0.01). Furthermore, analysis of cytokines and growth factors collected from supernatants also supported 100 mJ as the optimal ultraviolet dose. It was observed that cells treated with ultraviolet and their supernatants significantly increased cell viability and wound-healing rate over time compared to other groups. In conclusion, with this study, it has been shown that adipose-derived stem cells exposed to ultraviolet light can have an important use in wound healing, both with their potential and with the more cytokines and growth factors they secrete. However, further analysis and animal experiments should be performed before clinical use.

• Klíčová slova
• Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, Cytokine, Scratch assay, Ultraviolet,
• MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hojení ran MeSH
• kůže MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * metabolismus   MeSH
• tuková tkáň MeSH
• ultrafialové záření * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH

Marrow cavities in all bones of newborn mammals contain haematopoietic tissue and stromal microenvironment that support haematopoiesis (haematopoietic microenvironment), known as red bone marrow (BM). From the early postnatal period onwards, the haematopoietic microenvironment, mainly in tubular bones of the extremities, is replaced by mesenchymal cells that accumulate lipid drops, known as yellow BM, whereas haematopoietic tissue gradually disappears. We analysed the ability of mesenchymal cell progenitors in red and yellow BM to produce bone and haematopoietic microenvironment in vivo after transplantation into normal or haematopoietically deficient (irradiated and old) recipients. We found that (1) normal substitution of red with yellow BM results from a gradual loss of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) capable of developing bone and haematopoietic microenvironment; (2) the mesenchymal cell population in tubular bones still containing active haematopoietic tissue gradually becomes depleted of MSCs, starting from a young age; (3) haematopoietic microenvironment is incapable of self-maintenance and its renewal depends on the presence of precursor cells; (4) the mesenchymal cell population remaining in areas with yellow BM contains cells able to develop functionally active haematopoietic microenvironment in conditions of haematopoietic insufficiency. Our data also indicate the possible existence of bi-potential stromal precursor cells producing either bone in normal, or bone together with active haematopoietic microenvironment in irradiated or old recipients. This study opens a spectrum of opportunities for the extension of haematopoietic territories by substituting the fat contents of BM cavities with haematopoietic tissue, thereby improving haematopoiesis compromised by cytotoxic treatments, irradiation, ageing, etc.

• MeSH
• buňky kostní dřeně cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• kostní dřeň metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Despite the undisputed modern development of synthetic biomaterials that range from bioactive unresorbable to restorable materials, clinically applied osteoconduction bone substitutes still have limitations in the treatment of bone defects. These are the result of the physical and chemical properties of the utilized materials and the biological interactions associated with both local and general reactions of the organism. Mesenchymal stem cells constitute a promising treatment alternative in orthopedics. Preclinical studies regarding the use of mesenchymal stem cells have shown good therapeutic results. However, it is still necessary to advance further in this area and enable the treatment of patients with critically large bone defects. The aim of this review is to describe the role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone repair and regeneration, describe the techniques used in the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells and outline future research endeavors in this area.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci kostí terapie   MeSH
• regenerace kostí * MeSH
• tkáňové inženýrství MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The physical stresses during cryopreservation affect stem cell survival and further proliferation. To minimize or prevent cryoinjury, cryoprotective agents (CPAs) are indispensable. Despite the widespread use of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), there are concerns about its potential adverse effects. To bypass those effects, combinations of CPAs have been investigated. This study aimed to verify whether high-molecular-hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) serves as a cryoprotectant when preserving human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to reduce the DMSO concentration in the cryopreservation medium. We studied how 0.1% or 0.2% HMW-HA combined with reduced DMSO concentrations (from 10% to 5%, and 3%) affected total cell count, viability, immunophenotype, and differentiation potential post-cryopreservation. Immediately after cell revival, the highest total cell count was observed in 10% DMSO-stored hMSC. However, two weeks after cell cultivation an increased cell count was seen in the HMW-HA-stored groups along with a continued increase in hMSCs stored using 3% DMSO and 0.1% HMW-HA. The increased total cell count corresponded to elevated expression of stemness marker CD49f. The HA-supplemented cryomedium did not affect the differential potential of hMSC. Our results will participate in producing a ready-to-use product for cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells.

• Klíčová slova
• adipose tissue-derived stem cells, cryopreservation, cryoprotective agent, dental pulp stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, hyaluronic acid,
• MeSH
• dimethylsulfoxid * farmakologie   MeSH
• kryoprezervace metody   MeSH
• kryoprotektivní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky * MeSH
• zmrazování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dimethylsulfoxid * MeSH
• kryoprotektivní látky MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH

This study provides a review of the therapeutic potential of graphene dressing scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their synergistic effects with respect to cutaneous wound healing. This study also considers their putative action mechanism based on the antibacterial, immunomodulating, angiogenic, matrix remodeling effects of materials belonging to the graphene family and MSCs during the wound healing process. In addition, this study discusses the cytocompatibility of graphene, its uses as a platform for skin substitutes, the properties it possesses with respect to providing protection against microbial invasion as well as strategies aimed at minimizing the chance of the occurrence of sepsis. MSCs are capable of secreting several factors that exert a therapeutic impact on reparative processes and tissue regeneration. In light of experiments conducted to date, graphene combined with MSCs appears to have the potential to enhance both the wound healing process and infection control at the injury site.

• Klíčová slova
• graphene, healing, mesenchymal stem cells, wound,
• MeSH
• grafit chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• hojení ran účinky léků   MeSH
• imunomodulace účinky léků   MeSH
• kůže účinky léků   zranění   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• grafit MeSH