AIMS: Brewing yeasts are classified into two species-Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most of the brewing yeast strains are natural interspecies hybrids typically polyploids and their identification is thus often difficult giving heterogenous results according to the method used. We performed genetic characterization of a set of the brewing yeast strains coming from several yeast culture collections by combination of various DNA-based techniques. The aim of this study was to select a method for species-specific identification of yeast and discrimination of yeast strains according to their technological classification. METHODS AND RESULTS: A group of 40 yeast strains were characterized using PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS-5·8S, NTS, HIS4 and COX2 genes, multiplex PCR, RAPD-PCR of genomic DNA, mtDNA-RFLP and electrophoretic karyotyping. Reliable differentiation of yeast to the species level was achieved by PCR-RFLP of HIS4 gene. Numerical analysis of the obtained RAPD-fingerprints and karyotype revealed species-specific clustering corresponding with the technological classification of the strains. Taxonomic position and partial hybrid nature of strains were verified by multiplex PCR. Differentiation among species using the PCR-RFLP of ITS-5·8S and NTS region was shown to be unreliable. Karyotyping and RFLP of mitochondrial DNA evinced small inaccuracies in strain categorization. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-RFLP of HIS4 gene and RAPD-PCR of genomic DNA are reliable and suitable methods for fast identification of yeast strains. RAPD-PCR with primer 21 is a fast and reliable method applicable for differentiation of brewing yeasts with only 35% similarity of fingerprint profile between the two main technological groups (ale and lager) of brewing strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It was proved that PCR-RFLP method of HIS4 gene enables precise discrimination among three technologically important Saccharomyces species. Differentiation of brewing yeast to the strain level can be achieved using the RAPD-PCR technique.

• Klíčová slova
• PCR-RFLP, RAPD-PCR, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus, ale, brewing yeast, karyotyping, lager, mtDNA-RFLP, multiplex PCR,
• MeSH
• DNA fungální genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• pivo analýza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• Saccharomyces genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• technika náhodné amplifikace polymorfní DNA metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA fungální MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variability was studied in a sample of 179 individuals representing the Czech population of Western Bohemia. Sequencing of two hypervariable segments, HVS I and HVS II, in combination with screening of coding-region haplogroup-specific RFLP markers revealed that most Czech mtDNAs belong to the common West Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups (H, pre-V HV*, J, T, U, N1, W, and X). However, about 3% of Czech mtDNAs encompass East Eurasian lineages (A, N9a, D4, M*). A comparative analysis with published data showed that different Slavonic populations in Central and Eastern Europe contain small but marked amounts of East Eurasian mtDNAs. We suggest that the presence of East Eurasian mtDNA haplotypes is not an original feature of the gene pool of the proto-Slavs but rather may be mostly a consequence of admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes, who migrated into Central and Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages.

• MeSH
• etnicita MeSH
• frekvence genu * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• populační skupiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

The analysis of mtDNA haplogroup frequency in various populations is a tool for studying human history and population dynamics. The aim of this study is to map the frequency of major mtDNA haplogroups in 300 maternally unrelated individuals representing the Czech population of the central part of the Czech Republic. Eighteen polymorphic sites in the coding region of mtDNA were screened by PCR-RFLP to determine 11 mtDNA haplogroups and 5 subhaplogroups. The most frequent haplogroups were H (41%) and U (21%). Less frequent haplogroups were J and T, each with a frequency of 8%. Frequencies of other haplogroups (V, K, HV, W, preV, X, and I) did not exceed 5%. The results of our study reveal that the frequency of mtDNA haplogroups in the Czech population is similar to the frequencies obtained in other European countries, especially Poland, Germany, and Russia. On the contrary, significant differences in haplogroup frequency were found between the Czech and Finnish populations (haplogroups U, T, W) and populations from Bulgaria and Turkey (haplogroups H).

• MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• populační skupiny genetika   MeSH
• rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

The tench Tinca tinca is a valued table fish native to Europe and Asia, but which is now widely distributed in many temperate freshwater regions of the world as the result of human-mediated translocations. Fish are currently being transplanted between watersheds without concern for genetic similarity to wild populations or local adaptation, and efficient phylogeographic markers are therefore urgently needed to rapidly distinguish genetically distinct geographical populations and to assess their contribution to the hatchery breeds and to the stocked wild populations. Here, we present a new method to distinguish recently discovered and morphologically undistinguishable Western and Eastern phylogroups of the tench. The method relies on PCR-RFLP assays of two independent nuclear-encoded exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) markers and of one mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) marker and allows the rapid identification of the Western and Eastern phylogroup and also of three geographical mtDNA clades within the Eastern phylogroup. Our method will enable researchers and fishery practitioners to rapidly distinguish genetically divergent geographical populations of the tench and will be useful for monitoring the introduction and human-mediated spread of the phylogroups in wild populations, for characterization of cultured strains and in breeding experiments.

• MeSH
• Cyprinidae klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů * MeSH
• rybí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH
• rybí proteiny MeSH

• MeSH
• acidóza laktátová enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• bodová mutace * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA analýza   genetika   MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

DNA diagnosis uses for identification of disorders of the mitochondrial genome currently used methods of restrictive analysis by selective proliferation of selected sections of the mtDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence. With regard to the considerable natural variability it is essential to evaluate very carefully the assembled results and provide evidence of a causal relationship of changes found in mtDNA and morphological, biochemical and clinical symptoms.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• restrikční mapování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

BACKGROUND: Leber's hereditary neuropathy of the optic nerve (LHON) is manifested by bilateral affection of the eyes with acute or subacute loss of vision. The disease is caused by point mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and is one of the most frequent mitochondrial diseases in the population. In patients with LHON 18 different point mutations in the mtDNA were described which correlate partly with the rate of progression of the disease and the severity and prognosis of the final affection of vision. METHODS AND RESULTS: The submitted paper deals with the results of molecular genetic examinations in three families with clinical manifestations of LHON. In three patients in the first family a homoplasmic mutation of mtDNA G3460A was found. In the second family in a young man with severely impaired vision a heteroplasmic mutation G3460A was found associated with a higher ratio of mutated mtDNA molecules than in his mother who is clinically healthy. In the third family the presence of homoplasmic mutation of mtDNA in position G11778A was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of LHON and genetic counselling in affected families should be based on close collaboration of ophthalmological and genetic departments with specialized laboratories engaged in molecular biological diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.

• MeSH
• bodová mutace MeSH
• dědičné atrofie optického nervu genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• rodokmen MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although rapid changes in copy number and gene order are common within plant mitochondrial genomes, associated patterns of gene transcription are underinvestigated. Previous studies have shown that the gynodioecious plant species Silene vulgaris exhibits high mitochondrial diversity and occasional paternal inheritance of mitochondrial markers. Here we address whether variation in DNA molecular markers is correlated with variation in transcription of mitochondrial genes in S. vulgaris collected from natural populations. RESULTS: We analyzed RFLP variation in two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and atp1, in offspring of ten plants from a natural population of S. vulgaris in Central Europe. We also investigated transcription profiles of the atp1 and cox1 genes. Most DNA haplotypes and transcription profiles were maternally inherited; for these, transcription profiles were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. One individual exhibited a pattern consistent with paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA; this individual exhibited a transcription profile suggestive of paternal but inconsistent with maternal inheritance. We found no associations between gender and transcript profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Specific transcription profiles of mitochondrial genes were associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in a natural population of a gynodioecious species S. vulgaris.Our findings suggest the potential for a causal association between rearrangements in the plant mt genome and transcription product variation.

• MeSH
• DNA rostlinná genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy * MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální geny * MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Silene genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese * MeSH
• typy dědičnosti MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA rostlinná MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

A detailed survey of mitochondrial and chloroplast diversity in eight populations of Silene vulgaris from Central Europe was conducted for comparison with previously published data on diversity from S. vulgaris populations in the introduced range. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation around the coxI gene was assessed with Southern blotting/restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Chloroplast variation was assessed by sequencing the intergenic spacer separating the trnH and psbA genes. Thirty mtDNA haplotypes and 24 chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes were found within 86 individuals. The overall genetic diversity h (0.941 for mitochondrial, and 0.893 for chloroplast markers) and within-population diversity were higher than reported in previous population studies of S. vulgaris in the USA and Europe. The frequency of private alleles was surprisingly high - more than 90% for both kinds of markers. Most of our populations were large and located in relatively undisturbed meadows, whereas surveys in Virginia consisted of smaller roadside populations. The slow rate of population turnover in European populations is discussed as a factor responsible for the relatively high diversity of S. vulgaris in undisturbed areas of its native range. Association between mtDNA and cpDNA haplotypes was also demonstrated. Finally, gender and mtDNA haplotype were associated in the Alps populations, where females were very rare.

• MeSH
• DNA chloroplastová genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• haplotypy genetika   MeSH
• křížení genetické MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Silene genetika   MeSH
• Southernův blotting MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA chloroplastová MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

Despite its key location for population movements out of and back into Africa, Yemen has not yet been sampled on a regional level for an investigation of sub-Saharan, West Eurasian, and South Asian genetic contributions. In this study, we present mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data for regionally distinct Yemeni populations that reveal different distributions of mtDNA lineages. An extensive database of mtDNA sequences from North and East African, Middle Eastern and Indian populations was analyzed to provide a context for the regional Yemeni mtDNA datasets. The groups of western Yemen appear to be most closely related to Middle Eastern and North African populations, while the eastern Yemeni population from Hadramawt is most closely related to East Africa. Furthermore, haplotype matches with Africa are almost exclusively confined to West Eurasian R0a haplogroup in southwestern Yemen, although more sub-Saharan L-type matches appear in more northern Yemeni populations. In fact, Yemeni populations have the highest frequency of R0a haplotypes detected to date, thus Yemen or southern Arabia may be the site of the initial expansion of this haplogroup. Whereas two variants of the sub-Saharan haplogroup M1 were detected only in southwestern Yemen close to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, different non-African M haplotypes were detected at low frequencies (approximately 2%) in western parts of the country and at a higher frequency (7.5%) in the Hadramawt. We conclude that the Yemeni gene pool is highly stratified both regionally and temporally and that it has received West Eurasian, Northeast African, and South Asian gene flow.

• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
• ústní sliznice MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie etnologie   MeSH
• Jemen MeSH
• subsaharská Afrika etnologie   MeSH
• východní Evropa etnologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH