Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although diagnosis may be challenging, there is increasing evidence that the use of biomarkers according to 2017 revised criteria for diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies can increase diagnostic accuracy. Apart from nuclear medicine techniques, various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been utilized in attempt to enhance diagnostic accuracy. This chapter reviews structural, functional and diffusion MRI studies in DLB cohorts being compared to healthy controls, AD or dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD). We also included relatively new MRI methods that may have potential to identify early DLB subjects and aim at examining brain iron and neuromelanin.

• Klíčová slova
• Diffusion tensor imaging, Functional, MRI, Neuromelanin, Nigrosome-1, Quantitative susceptibility mapping, Resting state fMRI, Structural, White matter hyperintensities,
• MeSH
• demence s Lewyho tělísky diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Longitudinal comorbidity of depression and cognitive impairment has been reported by number of epidemiological studies but the underlying mechanisms explaining the link between affective problems and cognitive decline are not very well understood. Imaging studies have typically investigated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) separately and thus have not identified a structural brain signature common to these conditions that may illuminate potentially targetable shared biological mechanisms. We performed a meta-analysis of. 48 voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of individuals with MDD, MCI, and age-matched controls and demonstrated that MDD and MCI patients had shared volumetric reductions in a number of regions including the insula, superior temporal gyrus (STG), inferior frontal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. We suggest that the shared volumetric reductions in the insula and STG might reflect communication deficits and infrequent participation in mentally or socially stimulating activities, which have been described as risk factors for both MCI and MDD. We also suggest that the disease-specific structural changes might reflect the disease-specific symptoms such as poor integration of emotional information, feelings of helplessness and worthlessness, and anhedonia in MDD. These findings could contribute to better understanding of the origins of MDD-MCI comorbidity and facilitate development of early interventions.

• Klíčová slova
• Major depressive disorder, Meta-analysis, Mild cognitive impairment, Shared volumetric reductions, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), voxel-based morphometry (VBM),
• MeSH
• deprese MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

AIMS: The aim of our study was to assess the yield of routine brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at our hospital as part of the diagnostic procedures focused on autism. METHODS: Our retrospective study involved children who had attended a diagnostic examination focused on autism and underwent brain MRIs between 1998-2015. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition was used to make clinical diagnoses. In 489 children (404 boys, 85 girls; mean age 8.0±4.2 years), a diagnosis of a pervasive developmental disorder was confirmed. Forty-five children, where the autism diagnosis was ruled out (but other psychiatric diagnoses found), served as a control group (36 boys, 9 girls; mean age 7.0±2.4 years). We can assume that in such a control group, brain abnormalities might occur at a higher frequency than in truly healthy children which would have the effect of reducing the difference between the groups. RESULTS: MRI pathologies were more common in the autistic (45.4 %) compared to the control group (31.8%) but the difference was significant only at the trend level (P=0.085). Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum (CC) was significantly more common in the autistic vs. the control group (13.7 vs. 0%; P=0.009). In contrast, nonmyelinated areas of white matter were significantly more common in controls (31.8 vs.17.3%; P=0.018). Differences in other parameters were not significant. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of CC hypoplasia on routine MRI scans could represent a "red flag" for suspicion of autism.

• Klíčová slova
• MRI, autism spectrum disorders, brain, corpus callosum,
• MeSH
• autistická porucha diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy autistického spektra diagnóza   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Fetal Imaging Taskforce was established in 2018 by the European Society of Paediatric Radiology. The first survey on European practice of fetal imaging published in 2020 revealed that 30% of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed at 3 tesla (T). The purpose of this second survey was to identify the impact of 3-T fetal MRI with an emphasis on image quality, diagnostic yield, and technical challenges and artifacts at higher field strengths. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal imaging practice at 3-T MRI units in various centres in Europe and to prepare recommendations on behalf of the Fetal Imaging Taskforce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was sent to all members performing 3-T fetal MRI. Questions included practitioner experience, magnet brand, protocols, counselling, artifacts and benefits of imaging at higher field strengths. RESULTS: Twenty-seven centres replied and reported improved spatial resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio when performing fetal MRI at 3 T. Shading and banding artifacts and susceptibility to motion artifacts were common problems identified by practitioners at the higher field strength. For all neurological indications, practitioners reported a benefit of imaging at 3 T, most marked for posterior fossa evaluation and parenchymal lesions. CONCLUSION: The use of 3-T magnets in fetal MRI has improved the availability and quality of advanced imaging sequences and allowed for better anatomical evaluation. There remain significant challenges to minimize the impact of artifacts on image quality. This paper includes guidelines for clinical practice and imaging at 3 T.

• Klíčová slova
• 3 Tesla, Artifacts, Fetus, Guidelines, Indications, Magnetic resonance imaging,
• MeSH
• artefakty * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• plod diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• pohyb těles MeSH
• poměr signál - šum MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and morphological analysis of peripheral nerve tumours (PNTs). In recent years, a number of novel MRI sequences such as MR neurography (MRN), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or MR tractography (MRT) have emerged extending the range of conventional MRI techniques. These advanced sequences are able to provide detailed information concerning PNTs structure, including the course and function of individual neural fascicles. This data can then be utilized in tailoring a suitable surgical procedure, reducing the risks of postoperative neurological deficit. The following case report of a median nerve tumour demonstrates the range and practicality of current MRI techniques. With continuing advancement and perfection of these MRI techniques, we can expect their integration into standard diagnostic protocols of PNTs.

• Klíčová slova
• Peripheral nerve tumour, magnetic resonance imaging, MR neurography, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), MR tractography,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• nádory periferního nervového systému diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nervus medianus diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• zobrazování difuzních tenzorů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Diagnostics is an important part of medical practice. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected by performing diagnostic tests, some of which include imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most widely used and effective imaging techniques. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of MRI, contrast agents are used. In this review, the usage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and composite materials based on them as contrast agents for MRI is discussed. MOFs are crystalline porous coordination polymers. Due to their huge design variety and high density of metal ions, they have been studied as a highly promising class of materials for developing MRI contrast agents. This review highlights the most important studies and focuses on the progress of the field over the last five years. The materials are classified based on their design and structural properties into three groups: MRI-active MOFs, composite materials based on MOFs, and MRI-active compounds loaded in MOFs. Moreover, an overview of MOF-based materials for heteronuclear MRI including 129Xe and 19F MRI is given.

• Klíčová slova
• magnetic resonance imaging, metal−organic frameworks, multimodal imaging, nanomedicine, theranostics,
• MeSH
• ionty MeSH
• kontrastní látky chemie   MeSH
• kovy chemie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• porézní koordinační polymery * chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ionty MeSH
• kontrastní látky MeSH
• kovy MeSH
• porézní koordinační polymery * MeSH

The importance of imaging biomarkers has been acknowledged in the diagnosis and in the follow-up of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the major causes of dementia. Next to the molecular biomarkers and PET imaging investigations, structural MRI approaches provide important information about the disease progression and about the pathomechanism. Furthermore,a growing body of literature retranslates these imaging biomarkers to various rodent models of the disease. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the macro- and microstructural imaging biomarkers of AD, concentrating on atrophy measures and diffusion MRI alterations. A survey is also given of the imaging approaches used in rodent models of dementias that can promote drug development.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer’s disease, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, rodent model,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• biologické markery metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• radioisotopová scintigrafie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH

Axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorder that primary affects axial skeleton. It comprises wide spectrum of patients with immune mediated spine inflammation, from early, so called non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis to clinically evident ankylosing spondylitis. Conventional radiography is still the cornerstone of diagnosis, evaluation and classification of SpA. However, it has limitations in early disease, because it can only depict the consequences of inflammation for its inability to visualize soft tissue abnormalities within bone marrow. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to conventional radiography in early disease through its ability to visualize active inflammatory changes in sacroiliac joints when the pelvic radiographs are normal or equivocal. MRI of sacroiliac joints is also included to the Assessment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (ASAS) classification criteria for axial SpA. For classification purposes positive definition of MRI sacroiliitis was proposed with the clear presence of subchondral bone marrow edema (osteitis), which does not cross anatomical borders and is usually present on more consecutive slides. The more intense the signal is on fluid sensitive MRI sequences; more likely it reflects active inflammation, because small focal bone marrow edema lesions may occur in patients with mechanical back pain. It may be associated with signs of structural damage such as erosions, which can enhance diagnostic utility of MRI in cases of not highly suggestive appearance of osteitis. Contrast-enhanced imaging is not useful for routine diagnostic evaluation. When MRI findings are not clear, an additional MRI of the spine can be performed, especially of the area with the most pronounced complaints. Evidence of bone marrow edema in three or more vertebral edges is considered as highly suggestive of axial SpA, especially in patients of younger age, when degenerative changes are expected to play minor role for differential diagnosis.Key words: ankylosing spondylitis - axial spondyloarthritis - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - sacroiliitis.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• rentgendiagnostika MeSH
• sakroiliakální kloub MeSH
• sakroiliitida * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• spondylartropatie * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In clinical practice the imaging of bone tissue is based almost exclusively on x-ray or radiochemical methods. Alternative methods, such as MRI and optical imaging, can provide not only anatomical, but also physiological information, due to their ability to reflect the properties of body fluids (temperature, pH and concentration of ions). In this article we review bone targeting probes for MRI and fluorescence imaging. As bone targeting is mainly associated with phosphonate and bisphosphonate derivatives, we also focus on their sorption behavior. Also discussed in detail is the limitation of using bone-targeting probes for MRI and optical imaging mainly due to their long-time retention in bone tissue and the low permeability of tissues for light.

• MeSH
• fluorescenční barviva chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kovy chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• molekulární zobrazování metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorescenční barviva MeSH
• kovy MeSH

31 P-magnetic resonance (MR) is an important diagnostic technique currently used for tissue metabolites assessing, but it also has great potential for visualizing the internal body structures. However, due to the low physiological level of phosphorus-containing biomolecules, precise imaging requires the administration of an exogenous probe. Herein, this work describes the synthesis and MR characterization of a pioneering metal-free 31 P-MR probe based on phosphorus-containing polymeric zwitterion. The developed probe (pTMPC) is a well-defined water-soluble macromolecule characterized by a high content of naturally rare phosphorothioate groups providing a high-intensity 31 P-MR signal clearly distinguishable from biological background both in vitro and in vitro. In addition, pTMPC can serve as a sensitive 31 P-MR sensor of pathological conditions in vivo because it undergoes oxidation-induced structural changes in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Add to this the favorable 1 H and 31 P T1 /T2 relaxation times and biocompatibility, pTMPC represents a conceptually new diagnostic, whose discovery opens up new possibilities in the field of 31 P-MR spectroscopy and imaging.

• Klíčová slova
• 31P-MRI, MRI probes, RAFT polymerization, ROS detection, polymer zwitterions,
• MeSH
• fosfor * metabolismus   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfor * MeSH
• polymery MeSH