Water is a vital resource for natural ecosystems and human life, and assuring a high quality of water and protecting it from chemical contamination is a major societal goal in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives are the major body of legislation for the protection and sustainable use of European freshwater resources. The practical implementation of the WFD with regard to chemical pollution has faced some challenges. In support of the upcoming WFD review in 2019 the research project SOLUTIONS and the European monitoring network NORMAN has analyzed these challenges, evaluated the state-of-the-art of the science and suggested possible solutions. We give 10 recommendations to improve monitoring and to strengthen comprehensive prioritization, to foster consistent assessment and to support solution-oriented management of surface waters. The integration of effect-based tools, the application of passive sampling for bioaccumulative chemicals and an integrated strategy for prioritization of contaminants, accounting for knowledge gaps, are seen as important approaches to advance monitoring. Including all relevant chemical contaminants in more holistic "chemical status" assessment, using effect-based trigger values to address priority mixtures of chemicals, to better consider historical burdens accumulated in sediments and to use models to fill data gaps are recommended for a consistent assessment of contamination. Solution-oriented management should apply a tiered approach in investigative monitoring to identify toxicity drivers, strengthen consistent legislative frameworks and apply solutions-oriented approaches that explore risk reduction scenarios before and along with risk assessment.

ACES Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Wageningen University and Research Centre P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands

Amalex Environmental Solutions Leipzig Germany

Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division Environment Canada Burlington Ontario Canada

Bavarian Environmental Agency D 86179 Augsburg Germany

Deltares Delft The Netherlands

Deltares Delft The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam Institute for Environmental Studies Amsterdam The Netherlands

EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland

Environmental Protection Agency Dublin Ireland

Fraunhofer Inst Mol Biol and Appl Ecol IME Aberg 1 D 57392 Schmallenberg Germany

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany; RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS Verneuil en Halatte France

IRSTEA UR MALY Villeurbanne Cedex France

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Gothenburg Sweden

Jaume 1 University Castellón Spain

KWR Watercycle Research Institute Nieuwegein The Netherlands; Copernicus Institute Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Masaryk University Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Brno Czech Republic

MERMAYDE Groet The Netherlands

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM Bilthoven The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Oslo Norway

Oeko Institut e 5 Institute for Applied Ecology Freiburg Germany

RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag EPFL Dübendorf Switzerland

U S Environmental Protection Agency ORD NHEERL Atlantic Ecology Division Narrangansett RI USA

University Koblenz Landau Landau Germany

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Novel nontarget LC-HRMS-based approaches for evaluation of drinking water treatment

Passive sampling and benchmarking to rank HOC levels in the aquatic environment