We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.

Aarhus University Department of Bioscience Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark

Aarhus University Department of Environmental Science Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road Lowestoft Suffolk NR33 0HT U K

Deltares P O Box 85467 3508 AL Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7050 SE 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Anker Engelunds Vej 1 DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark

Dublin City University Glasnevin Dublin Ireland

Environment Agency Evidence Directorate Red Kite House Howbery Park OX10 8BD United Kingdom

Federal Environment Agency Laboratory for Water Analysis Bismarckplatz 1 14193 Berlin Germany

Federal Institute of Hydrology Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz Germany

Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency Wuestland 2 22589 Hamburg Germany

Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Coastal Research Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry Max Planck Strasse 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany

Ifremer Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology Lab Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants BP 21105 44311 Nantes Cedex 3 France

Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory 375 Victoria Road Aberdeen AB30 1AD U K

Masaryk University RECETOX Kamenice 753 5 62500 Brno Czech Republic

NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research PO Box 59 1790 AB Texel The Netherlands

Norwegian Institute for Water Research Gaustadalleen 21 NO 0349 Oslo Norway

Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Operational Directorate Natural Environment Gulledelle 100 B 1200 Brussels Belgium

U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington D C 20460 United States

U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Atlantic Ecology Division 27 Tarzwell Drive Narragansett Rhode Island 02882 United States

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