BACKGROUND: To more accurately quantify the potential impact of the neighbourhood environment on adults' physical activity (PA), it is important to compare environment-PA associations between periods of the day or week when adults are more versus less likely to be in their neighbourhood and utilise its PA resources. We examined whether, among adults from 10 countries, associations between objectively-assessed neighbourhood environment attributes and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) varied by time of the day and day of the week. The secondary aim was to examine whether such associations varied by employment status, gender and city. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6,712 adults from 14 cities across 10 countries with ≥1 day of valid accelerometer-assessed MVPA and complete information on socio-demographic and objectively-assessed environmental characteristics within 0.5 and 1 km street-network buffers around the home. Accelerometer measures (MVPA min/h) were created for six time periods from early morning until late evening/night, for weekdays and weekend days separately. Associations were estimated using generalized additive mixed models. RESULTS: Time of the day, day of week, gender and employment status were significant moderators of environment-MVPA associations. Land use mix was positively associated with MVPA in women who were employed and in men irrespective of their employment status. The positive associations between MVPA and net residential density, intersection density and land use mix were stronger in the mornings of weekdays and the afternoon/evening periods of both weekdays and weekend days. Associations between number of parks and MVPA were stronger in the mornings and afternoon/evenings irrespective of day of the week. Public transport density showed consistent positive associations with MVPA during weekends, while stronger effects on weekdays were observed in the morning and early evenings. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that space and time constraints in adults' daily activities are important factors that determine the impact of neighbourhood attributes on PA. Consideration of time-specific associations is important to better characterise the magnitude of the effects of the neighbourhood environment on PA. Future research will need to examine the contribution of built environment characteristics of areas surrounding other types of daily life centres (e.g., workplaces) to explaining adults' PA at specific times of the day.

Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia

Center for Nutrition and Health Research National Institute of Public Health of Mexico Cuernavaca Mexico

Centre for Research and Action in Public Health Health Research Institute University of Canberra Canberra Australia

Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of California San Diego USA

Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark

Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences AUT University Auckland New Zealand

Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Graduate Program on Physical Education Federal University of Parana Curitiba Brazil

Institute for Health and Ageing Australian Catholic University Level 6 215 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia

Institute of Active Lifestyle Faculty of Physical Culture Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Prevention Research Center Brown School Washington University in St Louis St Louis USA

Public University of Navarra Navarra Pamplona Spain

Research Foundation Flanders Brussels Belgium

School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia

School of Nutrition and Health Promotion and Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University Phoenix USA

School of Public Health The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne Australia

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin Austin TX USA

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