Many trace metals are essential micronutrients, but also potent toxins. Due to natural and anthropogenic causes, vastly different trace metal concentrations occur in various habitats, ranging from deficient to toxic levels. Therefore, one focus of plant research is on the response to trace metals in terms of uptake, transport, sequestration, speciation, physiological use, deficiency, toxicity, and detoxification. In this review, we cover most of these aspects for the essential micronutrients copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc to provide a broader overview than found in other recent reviews, to cross-link aspects of knowledge in this very active research field that are often seen in a separated way. For example, individual processes of metal usage, deficiency, or toxicity often were not mechanistically interconnected. Therefore, this review also aims to stimulate the communication of researchers following different approaches, such as gene expression analysis, biochemistry, or biophysics of metalloproteins. Furthermore, we highlight recent insights, emphasizing data obtained under physiologically and environmentally relevant conditions.

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry Branišovská Ceské Budejovice Czech Republic

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry Branišovská České Budějovice Czech Republic

Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences Plant Nutrition Laboratory Betty Heimann Strasse Halle Germany

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Department of Experimental Plant Biology Branišovská České Budějovice Czech Republic

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