Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine 140 21 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Endocrinology 113 94 Prague Czech Republic

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Washington DC 20016 USA

Zobrazit více v PubMed

GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1211–1259. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Evert A.B., Boucher J.L., Cypress M., Dunbar S.A., Franz M.J., Mayer-Davis E.J., Neumiller J.J., Nwankwo R., Verdi C.L., Urbanski P., et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl. 1):S120–S143. doi: 10.2337/dc14-S120. PubMed DOI

American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Lichtenstein A.H., Appel L.J., Brands M., Carnethon M., Daniels S., Franch H.A., Franklin B., Kris-Etherton P., Harris W.S., et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114:82–96. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158. PubMed DOI

Feskens E.J., Virtanen S.M., Räsänen L., Tuomilehto J., Stengård J., Pekkanen J., Nissinen A., Kromhout D. Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. A 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:1104–1112. doi: 10.2337/diacare.18.8.1104. PubMed DOI

Fizelova M., Jauhiainen R., Stančáková A., Kuusisto J., Laakso M. Finnish Diabetes Risk Score Is Associated with Impaired Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity, Drug-Treated Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: A Follow-Up Study of the METSIM Cohort. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0166584. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166584. PubMed DOI PMC

Mann J.I., De Leeuw I., Hermansen K., Karamanos B., Karlström B., Katsilambros N., Riccardi G., Rivellese A.A., Rizkalla S., Slama G., et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2004;14:373–394. doi: 10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80028-0. PubMed DOI

Perry B., Wang Y. Appetite regulation and weight control: The role of gut hormones. Nutr. Diabetes. 2012;2:e26. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2011.21. PubMed DOI PMC

Meier J.J. The contribution of incretin hormones to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;23:433–441. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.03.007. PubMed DOI

Verdich C., Flint A., Gutzwiller J.P., Näslund E., Beglinger C., Hellström P.M., Long S.J., Morgan L.M., Holst J.J., Astrup A. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001;86:4382–4389. doi: 10.1210/jc.86.9.4382. PubMed DOI

Batterham R.L., Cohen M.A., Ellis S.M., Le Roux C.W., Withers D.J., Frost G.S., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349:941–948. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PubMed DOI

Batterham R.L., Le Roux C.W., Cohen M.A., Park A.J., Ellis S.M., Patterson M., Frost G.S., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003;88:3989–3992. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030630. PubMed DOI

Lutz T.A. The interaction of amylin with other hormones in the control of eating. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2013;15:99–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01670.x. PubMed DOI

Belinova L., Kahleova H., Malinska H., Topolcan O., Vrzalova J., Oliyarnyk O., Kazdova L., Hill M., Pelikanova T. Differential acute postprandial effects of processed meat and isocaloric vegan meals on the gastrointestinal hormone response in subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes and healthy controls: A randomized crossover study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e107561. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107561. PubMed DOI PMC

Aune D., Ursin G., Veierød M.B. Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2277–2287. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1481-x. PubMed DOI

Pan A., Sun Q., Bernstein A.M., Schulze M.B., Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Hu F.B. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011;94:1088–1096. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018978. PubMed DOI PMC

Vang A., Singh P.N., Lee J.W., Haddad E.H., Brinegar C.H. Meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: Findings from Adventist Health Studies. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2008;52:96–104. doi: 10.1159/000121365. PubMed DOI

Maron D.J., Fair J.M., Haskell W.L. Saturated fat intake and insulin resistance in men with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project Investigators and Staff. Circulation. 1991;84:2020–2027. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.84.5.2020. PubMed DOI

Zong G., Li Y., Wanders A.J., Alssema M., Zock P.L., Willett W.C., Hu F.B., Sun Q. Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Two prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;355:i5796. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i5796. PubMed DOI PMC

Tonstad S., Butler T., Yan R., Fraser G.E. Type of Vegetarian Diet, Body Weight, and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:791–796. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1886. PubMed DOI PMC

Kahleova H., Matoulek M., Malinska H., Oliyarnik O., Kazdova L., Neskudla T., Skoch A., Hajek M., Hill M., Kahle M., et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 2011;28:549–559. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03209.x. PubMed DOI PMC

Barnard N.D., Cohen J., Jenkins D.J.A., Turner-McGrievy G., Gloede L., Jaster B., Seidl K., Green A.A., Talpers S. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777–1783. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0606. PubMed DOI

Nauck M.A., Homberger E., Siegel E.G., Allen R.C., Eaton R.P., Ebert R., Creutzfeldt W. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1986;63:492–498. doi: 10.1210/jcem-63-2-492. PubMed DOI

Knop F.K., Vilsbøll T., Højberg P.V., Larsen S., Madsbad S., Vølund A., Holst J.J., Krarup T. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: Cause or consequence of the diabetic state? Diabetes. 2007;56:1951–1959. doi: 10.2337/db07-0100. PubMed DOI

Calanna S., Christensen M., Holst J.J., Laferrère B., Gluud L.L., Vilsbøll T., Knop F.K. Secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3346–3352. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0465. PubMed DOI PMC

Kjems L.L., Holst J.J., Vølund A., Madsbad S. The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: Effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 2003;52:380–386. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.380. PubMed DOI

Kang Z.F., Deng Y., Zhou Y., Fan R.R., Chan J.C.N., Laybutt D.R., Luzuriaga J., Xu G. Pharmacological reduction of NEFA restores the efficacy of incretin-based therapies through GLP-1 receptor signalling in the beta cell in mouse models of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2013;56:423–433. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2776-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Ismail-Beigi F. Clinical practice. Glycemic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012;366:1319–1327. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1013127. PubMed DOI

Page K.A., Reisman T. Interventions to Preserve Beta-Cell Function in the Management and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2013;13:252–260. doi: 10.1007/s11892-013-0363-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Kahleova H., Tura A., Hill M., Holubkov R., Barnard N.D. A Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Improves Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Adults: A 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2018;10:189. doi: 10.3390/nu10020189. PubMed DOI PMC

Kim B.-J., Carlson O.D., Jang H.-J., Elahi D., Berry C., Egan J.M. Peptide YY is secreted after oral glucose administration in a gender-specific manner. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;90:6665–6671. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0409. PubMed DOI

Batterham R.L., Ffytche D.H., Rosenthal J.M., Zelaya F.O., Barker G.J., Withers D.J., Williams S.C.R. PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans. Nature. 2007;450:106–109. doi: 10.1038/nature06212. PubMed DOI

Holst J.J., Madsbad S., Bojsen-Møller K.N., Svane M.S., Jørgensen N.B., Dirksen C., Martinussen C. Mechanisms in bariatric surgery: Gut hormones, diabetes resolution, and weight loss. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 2018;14:708–714. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.03.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Kelly K.R., Brooks L.M., Solomon T.P.J., Kashyap S.R., O’Leary V.B., Kirwan J.P. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucose-stimulated insulin response to exercise training and diet in obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;296:E1269–E1274. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00112.2009. PubMed DOI PMC

Feinle-Bisset C., Patterson M., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R., Horowitz M. Fat digestion is required for suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide secretion by intraduodenal lipid. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;289:E948–E953. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00220.2005. PubMed DOI

Adrian T.E., Ferri G.L., Bacarese-Hamilton A.J., Fuessl H.S., Polak J.M., Bloom S.R. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:1070–1077. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90211-2. PubMed DOI

Lutz T.A. Amylinergic control of food intake. Physiol. Behav. 2006;89:465–471. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.001. PubMed DOI

Young A. Inhibition of food intake. Adv. Pharmacol. 2005;52:79–98. PubMed

Jorsal T., Rungby J., Knop F.K., Vilsbøll T. GLP-1 and Amylin in the Treatment of Obesity. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2016;16:1. doi: 10.1007/s11892-015-0693-3. PubMed DOI

Clark M.J., Slavin J.L. The effect of fiber on satiety and food intake: A systematic review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2013;32:200–211. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.791194. PubMed DOI

Costabile G., Griffo E., Cipriano P., Vetrani C., Vitale M., Mamone G., Rivellese A.A., Riccardi G., Giacco R. Subjective satiety and plasma PYY concentration after wholemeal pasta. Appetite. 2018;125:172–181. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.004. PubMed DOI

Maziarz M.P., Preisendanz S., Juma S., Imrhan V., Prasad C., Vijayagopal P. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: A randomized-controlled trial. Nutr. J. 2017;16:14. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0235-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Domínguez Avila J.A., Rodrigo García J., González Aguilar G.A., de la Rosa L.A. The Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Polyphenols Related to Increased Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP1) and Insulin Signaling. Molecules. 2017;22:903. doi: 10.3390/molecules22060903. PubMed DOI PMC

A plant-based meal reduces postprandial oxidative and dicarbonyl stress in men with diabetes or obesity compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in a randomized crossover study