A variety of cutting tool materials are used for the contact mode mechanical machining of components under extreme conditions of stress, temperature and/or corrosion, including operations such as drilling, milling turning and so on. These demanding conditions impose a seriously high strain rate (an order of magnitude higher than forming), and this limits the useful life of cutting tools, especially single-point cutting tools. Tungsten carbide is the most popularly used cutting tool material, and unfortunately its main ingredients of W and Co are at high risk in terms of material supply and are listed among critical raw materials (CRMs) for EU, for which sustainable use should be addressed. This paper highlights the evolution and the trend of use of CRMs) in cutting tools for mechanical machining through a timely review. The focus of this review and its motivation was driven by the four following themes: (i) the discussion of newly emerging hybrid machining processes offering performance enhancements and longevity in terms of tool life (laser and cryogenic incorporation); (ii) the development and synthesis of new CRM substitutes to minimise the use of tungsten; (iii) the improvement of the recycling of worn tools; and (iv) the accelerated use of modelling and simulation to design long-lasting tools in the Industry-4.0 framework, circular economy and cyber secure manufacturing. It may be noted that the scope of this paper is not to represent a completely exhaustive document concerning cutting tools for mechanical processing, but to raise awareness and pave the way for innovative thinking on the use of critical materials in mechanical processing tools with the aim of developing smart, timely control strategies and mitigation measures to suppress the use of CRMs.

Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Physics University of Oviedo Federico Garcia Lorca 18 ES 33007 Oviedo Spain

ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Brindisi Research Centre S S 7 Appia km 706 72100 Brindisi Italy

ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development Casaccia Research Centre Via Anguillarese 301 00123 Rome Italy

Faculty of Civil Engineering Scientific Laboratory of Powder Materials Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Institute of Aeronautics 6A Kipsalas str lab 110 LV 1048 Riga Latvia

Faculty of Non Ferrous Metals AGH University of Science and Technology 30 059 Krakow Poland

IFIMUP Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials Nanotechnology and Photonics Department of Physics and Astronomy Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto 687 Rua do Campo Alegre 4169 007 Porto Portugal

Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 30 011 Krakow Poland

School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Cranfield University Cranfield MK430AL UK

School of Engineering London South Bank University 103 Borough Road London SE1 0AA UK

Sumy State University Department of Nanoelectronics 2 Rymskogo Korsakova st 40007 Sumy Ukraine

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