Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and putrescine (Put) have shown a promising role in the mitigation of abiotic stresses in plants. The present study was anticipated to elucidate the potential of Bacillus thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put in mitigation of cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in Capsicum annum. Cadmium toxicity decreased growth, photosynthetic rate, gas exchange attributes and activity of antioxidant enzymes in C. annum seedlings. Moreover, higher levels of protein and non-protein bound thiols besides increased Cd contents were also observed in Cd-stressed plants. B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put, alone or in combination, reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in treated plants. Synergistic effect of B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put significantly enhanced the activity of stress-responsive enzymes including peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, Put and microbial interaction enhanced the amount of proline, soluble sugars, and total soluble proteins in C. annum plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. Data obtained during the current study advocates that application of B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put establish a synergistic role in the mitigation of Cd-induced stress through modulating physiochemical features of C. annum plants.

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan 29050 Pakistan

Department of Agronomy The University of Haripur Haripur 22620 Pakistan

Department of Botany and Microbiology College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 2455 Saudi Arabia

Department of Botany University of Narowal Narowal 51801 Pakistan

Department of Geology and Pedology Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 3 61300 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan

Forestry and Wood Technology Department Faculty of Agriculture Alexandria University Alexandria 21545 Egypt

Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource College of Tropical Crops Hainan University Haikou 570228 China

Senior Suprintendent Gardens Resident Officer 2 office Department University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan

Timber Trees Research Department Sabahia Horticulture Research Station Horticulture Research Institute Agriculture Research Center Alexandria 21526 Egypt

Vegetable research institute Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Science Guangzhou 510640 China

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