Preterm germ-free piglets were monoassociated with probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB12) to verify its safety and to investigate possible protection against subsequent infection with Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2 (LT2). Clinical signs of salmonellosis, bacterial colonization in the intestine, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), blood, liver, spleen, and lungs, histopathological changes in the ileum, claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression in the ileum and colon, intestinal and plasma concentrations of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 were evaluated. Both BB12 and LT2 colonized the intestine of the monoassociated piglets. BB12 did not translocate in the BB12-monoassociated piglets. BB12 was detected in some cases in the MLN of piglets, consequently infected with LT2, but reduced LT2 counts in the ileum and liver of these piglets. LT2 damaged the luminal structure of the ileum, but a previous association with BB12 mildly alleviated these changes. LT2 infection upregulated claudin-1 mRNA in the ileum and colon and downregulated occludin mRNA in the colon. Infection with LT2 increased levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the intestine and plasma, and BB12 mildly downregulated them compared to LT2 alone. Despite reductions in bacterial translocation and inflammatory cytokines, clinical signs of LT2 infection were not significantly affected by the probiotic BB12. Thus, we hypothesize that multistrain bacterial colonization of preterm gnotobiotic piglets may be needed to enhance the protective effect against the infection with S. Typhimurium LT2.

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA

Department of Neonatology Institute for the Care of Mother and Child 147 00 Prague Czech Republic

Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

Laboratory of Gnotobiology Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences 549 22 Novy Hradek Czech Republic

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Defined Pig Microbiota with a Potential Protective Effect against Infection with Salmonella Typhimurium

Release of HMGB1 and Toll-like Receptors 2, 4, and 9 Signaling Are Modulated by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Salmonella Typhimurium in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model of Preterm Infants