The mammalian ventricular myocardium forms a functional syncytium due to flow of electrical current mediated in part by gap junctions localized within intercalated disks. The connexin (Cx) subunit of gap junctions have direct and indirect roles in conduction of electrical impulse from the cardiac pacemaker via the cardiac conduction system (CCS) to working myocytes. Cx43 is the dominant isoform in these channels. We have studied the distribution of Cx43 junctions between the CCS and working myocytes in a transgenic mouse model, which had the His-Purkinje portion of the CCS labeled with green fluorescence protein. The highest number of such connections was found in a region about one-third of ventricular length above the apex, and it correlated with the peak proportion of Purkinje fibers (PFs) to the ventricular myocardium. At this location, on the septal surface of the left ventricle, the insulated left bundle branch split into the uninsulated network of PFs that continued to the free wall anteriorly and posteriorly. The second peak of PF abundance was present in the ventricular apex. Epicardial activation maps correspondingly placed the site of the first activation in the apical region, while some hearts presented more highly located breakthrough sites. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the physiological pattern of ventricular activation and its morphological underpinning through detailed CCS anatomy and distribution of its gap junctional coupling to the working myocardium.

Department of Pediatric Cardiology Motol University Hospital 150 06 Prague Czech Republic

Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Virginia Tech Roanoke VA 24016 USA

Institute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University 128 00 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Physiology CAS 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

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Electrical remodeling of atrioventricular junction: a study on retrogradely perfused chick embryonic heart

The changing morphology of the ventricular walls of mouse and human with increasing gestation

Sixty Years of Heart Research in the Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences