Trypanosomatids of the subfamily Strigomonadinae bear permanent intracellular bacterial symbionts acquired by the common ancestor of these flagellates. However, the cospeciation pattern inherent to such relationships was revealed to be broken upon the description of Angomonas ambiguus, which is sister to A. desouzai, but bears an endosymbiont genetically close to that of A. deanei. Based on phylogenetic inferences, it was proposed that the bacterium from A. deanei had been horizontally transferred to A. ambiguus. Here, we sequenced the bacterial genomes from two A. ambiguus isolates, including a new one from Papua New Guinea, and compared them with the published genome of the A. deanei endosymbiont, revealing differences below the interspecific level. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the endosymbionts of A. ambiguus were obtained from A. deanei and, in addition, demonstrated that this occurred more than once. We propose that coinfection of the same blowfly host and the phylogenetic relatedness of the trypanosomatids facilitate such transitions, whereas the drastic difference in the occurrence of the two trypanosomatid species determines the observed direction of this process. This phenomenon is analogous to organelle (mitochondrion/plastid) capture described in multicellular organisms and, thereafter, we name it endosymbiont capture.

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23298 0678 USA

Department of Parasitology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo 05508 000 Brazil

Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Life Science Research Centre Faculty of Science University of Ostrava 710 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology Sechenov University 119435 Moscow Russia

Wellcome Sanger Institute Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK

Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 199034 St Petersburg Russia

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Genomics of Trypanosomatidae: Where We Stand and What Needs to Be Done?