In this review, we summarize the current data on development of monoxenous trypanosomatids and phytomonads in various insects. Of these, Diptera and Hemiptera are the main host groups, and, consequently, most available information concerns their parasites. Within the insect body, the midgut and hindgut are the predominant colonization sites; in addition, some trypanosomatids can invade the foregut, Malpighian tubules, hemolymph, and/or salivary glands. Differences in the intestinal structure and biology of the host determine the variety of parasites' developmental and transmission strategies. Meanwhile, similar mechanisms are used by unrelated trypanosomatids, reflecting the limited range of options to achieve the same goal.

Life Science Research Centre Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases Sechenov University Moscow Russia

Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences St Petersburg Russia

Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences St Petersburg Russia; Life Science Research Centre Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

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