Many components of the innate immune system are evolutionarily conserved and shared across many living organisms, from plants and invertebrates to humans. Therefore, these shared features can allow the comparative study of potentially dangerous substances, such as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). However, differences of methodology and procedure between diverse species and models make comparison of innate immune responses to NPs between organisms difficult in many cases. To this aim, this review provides an overview of suitable methods and assays that can be used to measure NP immune interactions across species in a multidisciplinary approach. The first part of this review describes the main innate immune defense characteristics of the selected models that can be associated to NPs exposure. In the second part, the different modes of exposure to NPs across models (considering isolated cells or whole organisms) and the main endpoints measured are discussed. In this synergistic perspective, we provide an overview of the current state of important cross-disciplinary immunological models to study NP-immune interactions and identify future research needs. As such, this paper could be used as a methodological reference point for future nano-immunosafety studies.

AvantiCell Science Ltd Ayr KA6 5HW UK

Center for Plant Molecular Biology ZMBP Eberhard Karls University Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany

Department of Biology Biotechnical Faculty University of Liubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Biosciences Paris Lodron University Salzburg 5020 Salzburg Austria

Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences University of Genova 16126 Genova Italy

Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain

Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation National Research Council 90146 Palermo Italy

Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology National Research Council 80131 Napoli Italy

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences 142 20 Prague Czech Republic

School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AX UK

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford OX10 8BB UK

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