We present a theoretical view of the cellular foundations for network-level processes involved in producing our conscious experience. Inputs to apical synapses in layer 1 of a large subset of neocortical cells are summed at an integration zone near the top of their apical trunk. These inputs come from diverse sources and provide a context within which the transmission of information abstracted from sensory input to their basal and perisomatic synapses can be amplified when relevant. We argue that apical amplification enables conscious perceptual experience and makes it more flexible, and thus more adaptive, by being sensitive to context. Apical amplification provides a possible mechanism for recurrent processing theory that avoids strong loops. It makes the broadcasting hypothesized by global neuronal workspace theories feasible while preserving the distinct contributions of the individual cells receiving the broadcast. It also provides mechanisms that contribute to the holistic aspects of integrated information theory. As apical amplification is highly dependent on cholinergic, aminergic, and other neuromodulators, it relates the specific contents of conscious experience to global mental states and to fluctuations in arousal when awake. We conclude that apical dendrites provide a cellular mechanism for the context-sensitive selective amplification that is a cardinal prerequisite of conscious perception.

Department of Analytic Philosophy Institute of Philosophy Czech Academy of Sciences Jilská 1 Prague 110 00 Czech Republic

Department of Philosophy University of West Bohemia Sedláčkova 19 Pilsen 306 14 Czech Republic

Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK

School of Law and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory University of Tartu Kaarli pst 3 Tallinn 10119 Estonia

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Cellular mechanisms of cooperative context-sensitive predictive inference