Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.

Al Borza Botanic Garden Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Bavarian State Institute of Forestry Freising Germany

Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Białowieża Poland

BMS Umweltplanung Osnabrück Germany

Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology Wrocław Medical University Wrocław Poland

Center for Systematic Biology Biodiversity and Bioresources 3B Faculty of Biology and Geology Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Centre for Geography and Environmental Science Exeter University Penryn Cornwall UK

CIBIO Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal

Climate Change Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC Davos Dorf Switzerland

Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec Canada

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Biology NTNU Trondheim Norway

Department of Botany and Plant Biology University of Geneva Chambésy Switzerland

Department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Palacký University in Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Botany University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy

Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands

Department of Forest Biodiversity University of Agriculture Kraków Poland

Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole Dorset UK

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy

Department of Plant Systematics Ecology and Theoretical Biology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Emil G Racoviță Institute Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Environment Agency Austria Vienna Austria

Faculty of Environment UJEP Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia

Faculty of Forestry University of Sopron Sopron Hungary

Fondation J M Aubert Champex Lac Switzerland

Forest and Nature Lab Ghent University Gontrode Belgium

Foundation for Biodiversity Research Wrocław Poland

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

GLORIA Aragon Coordination Jolube Consultor Botánico y Editor Huesca Spain

GLORIA Coordination Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna Austria

GLORIA Coordination Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden

Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany

Institute of Biological Research NIRDBS Cluj Napoca Romania

Institute of Biology and Biotechnology University of Rzeszów Rzeszów Poland

Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Institute of Biology University of Pécs Pécs Hungary

Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics Faculty of Geosciences and Environment University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany

Institute of Ecology FB 2 University of Bremen Bremen Germany

Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología IPE CSIC Jaca Huesca Spain

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Muencheberg Germany

Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Müncheberg Germany

MTA DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group Debrecen Egyetem Debrecen Hungary

Museum of Natural History University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

National Forest Centre Zvolen Slovakia

Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Bergen Norway

PTE KPVK Institute for Regional Development Szekszárd Hungary

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Brussels Belgium

School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden

Swiss National Park Zernez Switzerland

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Penicuik Midlothian UK

UR Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés Université de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland

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