Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are microbial polyesters produced by numerous prokaryotes. These materials are generally considered to be renewable and biodegradable alternatives to petrochemical polymers in numerous applications. PHA are accumulated by microbial cells in form of intracellular granules primarily as storage compounds; nevertheless, numerous recent reports also highlight the importance of PHA for the stress robustness of bacteria. Therefore, in this review, we focus on summarizing current knowledge on PHA accumulation in halophiles and thermophiles - prokaryotic microorganisms adapted to high salinity and high temperature, respectively. Utilization of extremophiles for PHA production brings numerous benefits stemming especially from the enhanced robustness of the process against contamination by common mesophilic microflora as a basement of the Next-Generation Industrial Biotechnology concept. Further, recent advances and future perspectives in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of halophiles and thermophiles for PHA production improvement are also summarized and suggested. Facts and ideas gathered in this review hold a promise that biotechnological production of PHA by extremophiles can be sustainable and economically feasible enabling PHA to enter the market massively and compete with non-biodegradable petrochemical polymers in suitable applications.

Department of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology Technicka 12 Brno 616 00 Czech Republic

Department of Experimental Biology Section of Microbiology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 753 5 Brno 62500 Czech Republic

Faculty of Chemistry Brno University of Technology Purkynova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Botanicka 68a Brno 60200 Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 3 8010 Graz Austria; ARENA Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Ressourcenschonende and Nachhaltige Technologien Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria

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