Titanium miniplates are biocompatible materials used in modern oral and maxillofacial surgery to treat facial bone fractures. However, plate removal is often required due to implant complications. Among them, a biofilm formation on an infected miniplate is associated with severe inflammation, which frequently results in implant failure. In light of this, new strategies to control or treat oral bacterial biofilm are of high interest. Herein, the authors exploit the ability of nanorobots against multispecies bacterial biofilm grown onto facial commercial titanium miniplate implants to simulate pathogenic conditions of the oral microenvironment. The strategy is based on the use of light-driven self-propelled tubular black-TiO2 /Ag nanorobots, that unlike traditional ones, exhibit an extended absorption and motion actuation from UV to the visible-light range. The motion analysis is performed separately over UV, blue, and green light irradiation and shows different motion behaviors, including a fast rotational motion that decreases with increasing wavelengths. The biomass reduction is monitored by evaluating LIVE/DEAD fluorescent and digital microscope images of bacterial biofilm treated with the nanorobots under motion/no-motion conditions. The current study and the obtained results can bring significant improvements for effective therapy of infected metallic miniplates by biofilm.

Center for Zoonotic Diseases Central European Institute of Technology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Palackeho 1946 1 Brno 612 42 Czech Republic

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University 50 Yonsei ro Seodaemun gu Seoul 03722 Korea

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 1665 Brno 613 00 Czech Republic

Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University No 91 Hsueh Shih Road Taichung 40402 Taiwan

Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 Brno 612 00 Czech Republic

Institute of Dental Medicine General University Hospital Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Katerinska 32 Prague CZ 12108 Czech Republic

Nanotechnology Centre Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies VŠB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 Ostrava Poruba 708 00 Czech Republic

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic

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