It is now widely recognized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into a wide array of cell types. Numerous studies have identified the role of lncRNA in the regulation of MSC differentiation. It is important to elucidate the role and interplay of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of signalling pathways that govern MSC function. Furthermore, miRNAs and lncRNAs are important clinical for innovative strategies aimed at addressing a wide spectrum of existing and emerging disease. Hence it is important to consider their impact on MSC function and differentiation. Examining the data available in public databases, we have collected the literature containing the latest discoveries pertaining to human stem cells and their potential in both fundamental research and clinical applications. Furthermore, we have compiled completed clinical studies that revolve around the application of MSCs, shedding light on the opportunities presented by harnessing the regulatory potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs. This exploration of the therapeutic possibilities offered by miRNAs and lncRNAs within MSCs unveils exciting prospects for the development of precision therapies and personalized treatment approaches. Ultimately, these advancements promise to augment the efficacy of regenerative strategies and produce positive outcomes for patients. As research in this field continues to evolve, it is imperative to explore and exploit the vast potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as therapeutic agents. The findings provide a solid basis for ongoing investigations, fuelling the quest to fully unlock the regenerative potential of MSCs.

Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Computer Science and Statistics Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 812 Poznan Poland

Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Histology and Embryology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 781 Poznan Poland

Department of Immunology School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Physiotherapy Wroclaw University School of Physical Education 50 038 Wroclaw Poland

Department of Toxicology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 631 Poznan Poland

Department of Veterinary Surgery Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Division of Anatomy and Histology University of Zielona Góra 65 046 Zielona Góra Poland

Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Division of Histology and Embryology Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Faculty of Medicine Dezful University of Medical Sciences Dezful Iran

Fertility Infertility and Perinatology Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran

Future Science Group Unitec House 2 Albert Place London N3 1QB UK

Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran

Physiology Graduate Faculty North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27613 USA

Prestage Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA

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