Is recovery just the beginning? Persistent symptoms and health and performance deterioration in post-COVID-19, non-hospitalized university students-a cross-sectional study
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Jazyk angličtina Země Anglie, Velká Británie Médium electronic-ecollection
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články
PubMed
38144461
PubMed Central
PMC10739555
DOI
10.1093/biomethods/bpad037
PII: bpad037
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Klíčová slova
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, cognitive performance, fatigue, long COVID, long-term effects, mental health, physical health, post-COVID sequelae,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Many individuals experience persistent symptoms such as deteriorated physical and mental health, increased fatigue, and reduced cognitive performance months after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is limited data on the long-term trajectory and prevalence of these symptoms, especially in milder cases. Our study aimed to assess the persistent effects of COVID-19 on physical and mental health, fatigue, and cognitive performance in a cohort of 214 students, averaging 21.8 years of age. Of these, 148 had contracted COVID-19 but were not hospitalized, with the time since infection ranging from 1 to 39 months. We utilized a comprehensive panel of cognitive tests to measure intelligence, memory, and psychomotor skills, and a detailed anamnestic questionnaire to evaluate physical and mental health. While contracting COVID-19 did not significantly impact overall health and performance, it was associated with increased reports of fatigue. However, the reported severity of the disease had a pronounced negative influence on physical health, mental well-being, fatigue, and reaction time. Trends of improvement in physical and mental health, as well as error rate, were observed within the first 2 years post-infection. However, fatigue and reaction time showed a trend of deterioration. Beyond the 2-year mark, physical health and error rate continued to improve, while mental health began to deteriorate. Fatigue and reaction time continued to decline. Overall, our findings suggest that some effects of contracting COVID-19 can persist or even deteriorate over time, even in younger individuals who had mild cases that did not require hospitalization.
Zobrazit více v PubMed
Lamontagne SJ, Winters MF, Pizzagalli DA, Olmstead MC.. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: evidence of mood & cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021;17:100347. PubMed PMC
González-Hermosillo JA, Martínez-López JP, Carrillo-Lampón SA. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 symptoms, a potential link with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a 6-month survey in a Mexican cohort. Brain Sci 2021;11:760. PubMed PMC
Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Ortega-Santiago R. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal pain symptoms as long-term post-COVID sequelae in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a multicenter study. Pain 2022;163:e989–e996. PubMed
Zawilska JB, Kuczyńska K.. Psychiatric and neurological complications of long COVID. J Psychiatr Res 2022;156:349–60. PubMed PMC
Santos RAG, Rodríguez MSR, Hernandez D. S. L. & Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 survivors: Observations in one of the largest only COVID-19 centers in México. (P5-10.003). 2023 AAN Annual Meeting Scientific Abstracts P5-10.003, American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2023.
Tsuzuki S, Miyazato Y, Terada M. et al. Impact of Long-COVID on health-related quality of life in Japanese COVID-19 patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022;20:125. PubMed PMC
Zeng N, Zhao YM, Yan W. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term physical and mental sequelae of COVID-19 pandemic: call for research priority and action. Mol Psychiatry 2023;28:423–33. PubMed PMC
Ariza M, Cano N, Segura B et al.;. NAUTILUS Project Collaborative Group. COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions. J Neurol 2023;270:2392–408. PubMed PMC
Tavares-Júnior JWL, de Souza ACC, Borges JWP. et al. COVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Cortex 2022;152:77–97. PubMed PMC
Houben-Wilke S, Goërtz YM, Delbressine JM. et al. The impact of Long COVID-19 on mental health: observational 6-month follow-up study. JMIR Ment Health 2022;9:e33704. PubMed PMC
Sobrino-Relaño S, Balboa-Bandeira Y, Peña J. et al. Neuropsychological deficits in patients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023;13:10309. PubMed PMC
Amalakanti S, Arepalli KVR, Jillella JP.. Cognitive assessment in asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects. VirusDisease 2021;32:146–9. PubMed PMC
Papazacharias A, Nardini M.. & The relationship between depression and cognitive deficits. Psychiatr Danub 2012;24:S179–182. PubMed
Gualtieri CT, Morgan DW.. The frequency of cognitive impairment in patients with anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder: an unaccounted source of variance in clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1122–30. PubMed
Poletti S, Palladini M, Mazza MG. et al.; COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group. Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on cognitive functioning up to 6 months after discharge: role of depression and impact on quality of life. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022;272:773–82. PubMed PMC
Malesevic S, Sievi NA, Baumgartner P. et al. Impaired health-related quality of life in long-COVID syndrome after mild to moderate COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023;13:7717. PubMed PMC
Méndez R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Luperdi SC. et al. Long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes in COVID-19 survivors: a 1-year longitudinal study. J Intern Med 2022;291:247–51. PubMed PMC
Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Martín-Guerrero JD, Cancela-Cilleruelo I. et al. Trajectory curves of post-COVID anxiety/depressive symptoms and sleep quality in previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: the LONG-COVID-EXP-CM multicenter study. Psychol Med 2022;53:4298–9. PubMed PMC
Sampogna G, Di Vincenzo M, Giallonardo V. et al. The psychiatric consequences of Long-COVID: a scoping review. J Pers Med 2022;12:1767. PubMed PMC
Cattell RB. Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF). Vol. 1Carmel, IN: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1970.
Meili R. Lehrbuch Der Psychologischen Diagnostik. Bern, Switzerland: Verlag Hans Huber, 1961.
Flegr J, Hampl R, Černochová D. et al. The relation of cortisol and sex hormone levels to results of psychological, performance, IQ and memory tests in military men and women. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2012;33:224–35. PubMed
Frederick S. Cognitive reflection and decision making. J Econ Perspect 2005;19:25–42.
Flegr J. Toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and a severe course of COVID-19 in the Czech and Slovak population: a preregistered exploratory internet cross-sectional study. Parasit Vectors 2021;14:508. PubMed PMC
Flegr J, Flegr P. Doing exploratory analysis in R with a package Explorer v. 1.0. Figshare, Digital Science, London, 2021. 10.6084/m9.figshare.14685825.v1. DOI
Kim S. ppcor: an R package for a fast calculation to semi-partial correlation coefficients. Commun Stat Appl Methods 2015;22:665–74. PubMed PMC
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y.. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc B Met 1995;57:289–300.
Zhao YM, Shang YM, Song WB. et al. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine 2020;25:100463. PubMed PMC
Lu Y, Li X, Geng D. et al. Cerebral micro-structural changes in COVID-19 patients—an mri-based 3-month follow-up. EClinicalMedicine 2020;25:100484. PubMed PMC
Havervall S, Rosell A, Phillipson M. et al. Symptoms and functional impairment assessed 8 months after mild COVID-19 among health care workers. JAMA 2021;325:2015–6. PubMed PMC
O'Mahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C. et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023;55:101762. PubMed PMC
Marchi M, Grenzi P, Serafini V. et al. Psychiatric symptoms in Long-COVID patients: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2023;14:1138389. PubMed PMC
Altuna M, Sánchez-Saudinós MB, Lleó A.. Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19. Neurol Perspect 2021;1:S16–S24. PubMed PMC
Delgado-Alonso C, Valles-Salgado M, Delgado-Álvarez A. et al. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: a comprehensive neuropsychological study. J Psychiatr Res 2022;150:40–6. PubMed PMC
Flegr J, Latifi A. The lasting legacy of covid-19: exploring the long-term effects of infection, disease severity, and vaccination on health and cognitive function. Biol Meth Prot2023. 10.1093/biomethods/bpad038. DOI
Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C et al.;. COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group.Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun 2020;89:594–600. PubMed PMC
Iqbal A, Iqbal K, Arshad Ali S. et al. The COVID-19 sequelae: a cross-sectional evaluation of post-recovery symptoms and the need for rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors. Cureus 2021;13:e13080. PubMed PMC
Han Q, Zheng B, Daines L, Sheikh A.. Long-term sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of one-year follow-up studies on post-COVID symptoms. Pathogens 2022;11:269. PubMed PMC
Mizrahi B, Sudry T, Flaks-Manov N. et al. Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2023;380:e072529. PubMed PMC
Putri C, Arisa J, Hananto JE. et al. Psychiatric sequelae in COVID-19 survivors: a narrative review. World J Psychiatry 2021;11:821–9. PubMed PMC
Shanbehzadeh S, Tavahomi M, Zanjari N. et al. Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: scoping review. J Psychosom Res 2021;147:110525. PubMed PMC
Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM. et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021;46:39–48. PubMed PMC
Guo P, Benito Ballesteros A, Yeung SP. et al. COVCOG 1: factors predicting physical, neurological and cognitive symptoms in long covid in a community sample. a first publication from the COVID and cognition study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022;14:804922. PubMed PMC
Tassignon B, Radwan A, Blommaert J. et al. Longitudinal changes in global structural brain connectivity and cognitive performance in former hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: an exploratory study. Exp Brain Res 2023;241:727–41. PubMed PMC
Poole-Wright K, Guennouni I, Sterry O. et al. Fatigue outcomes following COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2023;13:e063969. PubMed PMC
Lucette AC, Jakabek D, Bracken SG. et al. The kynurenine pathway relates to post-acute COVID-19 objective cognitive impairment and PASC. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023;10:1338–52. PubMed PMC
Qin ES, Gold LS, Singh N. et al. Physical function and fatigue recovery at 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19. PM R 2023;15:314–24. PubMed PMC
Carbone F, Zamarian L, Rass V. et al. Cognitive dysfunction 1 year after COVID-19: evidence from eye tracking. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022;9:1826–31. PubMed PMC
Flood A, Keegan RJ.. Cognitive resilience to psychological stress in military personnel. Front Psychol 2022;13:809003. PubMed PMC
Hidalgo V, Villada C, Almela M. et al. Enhancing effects of acute psychosocial stress on priming of non-declarative memory in healthy young adults. Stress 2012;15:329–38. PubMed
Lindová J, Příplatová L, Flegr J.. Higher extraversion and lower conscientiousness in humans infected with Toxoplasma. Eur J Pers 2012;26:285–91.
Zhu X, Yan W, Lin X. et al. The effect of perceived stress on cognition is mediated by personality and the underlying neural mechanism. Transl Psychiatry 2022;12:199. PubMed PMC
LePine JA, Colquitt JA, Erez A.. Adaptability to changing task contexts: effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Pers Psychol 2000;53:563–93.
Slouma M, Abbes M, Kharrat L. et al. Post-COVID-19 reactive arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2022;41:2609–10. PubMed PMC
Slouma M, Abbes M, Mehmli T. et al. Reactive arthritis occurring after COVID-19 infection: a narrative review. Infection 2023;51:37–45. PubMed PMC
Steenblock C, Schwarz PEH, Ludwig B. et al. COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021;9:786–98. PubMed PMC
Ferrucci R, Dini M, Groppo E. et al. Long-lasting cognitive abnormalities after COVID-19. Brain Sci 2021;11:235. PubMed PMC
Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sanz-Santos J. et al. Impact of COVID-19 infection on cognition and its association with neurological symptoms. Brain Behav 2023;13:e2902. PubMed PMC
Oliveira CR, Jason LA, Unutmaz D. et al. Improvement of Long COVID symptoms over one year. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:1065620. PubMed PMC
Colizzi M, Peghin M, De Martino M. et al. Mental health symptoms one year after acute COVID-19 infection: prevalence and risk factors. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 2023;16:38–46. PubMed PMC
Van Herck M, Goërtz YMJ, Houben-Wilke S. et al. Severe fatigue in Long COVID: web-based quantitative follow-up study in members of online long COVID support groups. J Med Internet Res 2021;23:e30274. PubMed PMC
Fumagalli C, Zocchi C, Tassetti L. et al. Factors associated with persistence of symptoms 1 year after COVID-19: a longitudinal, prospective phone-based interview follow-up cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 2022;97:36–41. PubMed PMC
Steinmetz A, Gross S, Lehnert K. et al. Longitudinal clinical features of post-COVID-19 patients-symptoms, fatigue and physical function at 3- and 6-month follow-up. J Clin Med 2023;12:3966. PubMed PMC
Mazza MG, Palladini M, Villa G. et al. Prevalence, trajectory over time, and risk factor of post-COVID-19 fatigue. J Psychiatr Res 2022;155:112–9. PubMed PMC
Peterson CJ, Sarangi A, Bangash F.. Neurological sequelae of COVID-19: a review. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg 2021;57:122. PubMed PMC
Seeßle J, Waterboer T, Hippchen T. et al. Persistent symptoms in adult patients 1 year after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2022;74:1191–8. PubMed PMC
Adan A, Guàrdia J.. Circadian variations of self-reported activation: a multidimensional approach. Chronobiologia 1993;20:233–44. PubMed
Flegr J, Horáček J.. Toxoplasma-infected subjects report an obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis more often and score higher in obsessive-compulsive inventory. Eur Psychiatry 2017;40:82–7. PubMed
figshare
10.6084/m9.figshare.24032700.v1