Biological membranes play a crucial role in actively hosting, modulating and coordinating a wide range of molecular events essential for cellular function. Membranes are organized into diverse domains giving rise to dynamic molecular patchworks. However, the very definition of membrane domains has been the subject of continuous debate. For example, in the plant field, membrane domains are often referred to as nanodomains, nanoclusters, microdomains, lipid rafts, membrane rafts, signalling platforms, foci or liquid-ordered membranes without any clear rationale. In the context of plant-microbe interactions, microdomains have sometimes been used to refer to the large area at the plant-microbe interface. Some of these terms have partially overlapping meanings at best, but they are often used interchangeably in the literature. This situation generates much confusion and limits conceptual progress. There is thus an urgent need for us as a scientific community to resolve these semantic and conceptual controversies by defining an unambiguous nomenclature of membrane domains. In this Review, experts in the field get together to provide explicit definitions of plasma membrane domains in plant systems and experimental guidelines for their study. We propose that plasma membrane domains should not be considered on the basis of their size alone but rather according to the biological system being considered, such as the local membrane environment or the entire cell.

Agroécologie INRAE Institut Agro Université de Bourgogne Dijon France

Cell and Molecular Sciences James Hutton Institute Dundee UK

Cell Biology Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany

Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany

Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Campus de Montegancedo UPM Pozuelo de Alarcón Spain

Copenhagen Plant Science Center Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark

Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' Universidad de Málaga Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain

Department of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada

Department of Biology Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nuremberg Erlangen Germany

Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford CA USA

Department of Botany and Plant Sciences Center for Plant Cell Biology Institute of Integrative Genome Biology University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London UK

Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Division of Plant Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee UK

Faculty of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Shenzhen China

Haixia Institute of Science and Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China

Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University Stanford CA USA

Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department of Plant Biochemistry Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Integrative Genome Biology Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA

IPSiM Université de Montpellier CNRS INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France

Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China

Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire UMR5200 Université de Bordeaux CNRS Villenave d'Ornon France

Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes Université de Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS INRAE Lyon France

Laboratory of Biochemistry Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands

NanoSignaling Lab Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany

School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore

School of Plant Sciences and Food Security Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Umeå Plant Science Centre Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden

VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium

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