The main aim of the study was to determine progranulin levels in amniotic and cervical fluid samples from pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) or preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL), with concomitant microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. A total of 104 and 108 women with PPROM and PTL, respectively, were included. Paired amniotic and cervical fluid samples were obtained using transabdominal amniocentesis and Dacron polyester swabs, respectively. Progranulin levels were assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Women with PPROM and PTL were divided into subgroups based on microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or intra-amniotic inflammation. Differences in progranulin levels among the PPROM and PTL subgroups were found in amniotic fluid: (a) PPROM: intra-amniotic infection: 51.8 pg/mL, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: 52.8 pg/mL, colonization: 36.4 pg/mL, and negative amniotic fluid: 35.0 pg/mL; p < 0.0001; (b) PTL: intra-amniotic infection: 75.3 pg/mL, sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: 54.0 pg/mL, and negative amniotic fluid: 39.1 pg/mL; p < 0.0001. The corresponding differences were not found in cervical fluid: (a) PPROM: p = 0.14; (b) PTL: p = 0.53. In conclusion, amniotic fluid progranulin levels increased in PPROM and PTL cases with concomitant intra-amniotic inflammation, regardless of whether microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was present or absent.

Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove Sokolska 581 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology University Hospital Hradec Kralove Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Institute of Clinical Science Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

Institute of Clinical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Clinical Microbiology University Hospital Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Region Västra Götaland Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden

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