It is not surprising to find microbiome abnormalities present in psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, etc. Evolutionary pressure may provide an existential advantage to the host eukaryotic cells in that it survives in an extracellular environment containing non-self cells (e.g., bacteria). This phenomenon is both positive and negative, as with other intercellular processes. In this specific case, the phenomenal amount of information gained from combined bacterial genome could enhance communication between self and non-self cells. This can be coupled to both pathological processes and healthy ones. In this review, we chose to examine potential associated disorders that may be coupled to the microbiome, from the perspective of their bidirectional communication with eukaryotic cells in the gut. Cognition, being the newest neural networking functionality to evolve, consumes a good amount of organismic energy, 30% of which arises from the gut flora. Furthermore, the mammalian gut is highly innervated and has a highly developed immune component, reflecting brain complexity. The brain-gut axis uses similar molecular messengers as the brain, which affects bacterial processes as well. Thus, any modification of normal bacterial processes may manifest itself in altered behavior/cognition, originating from the gut. The origin of some disorders associated with this bidirectional communication may be harnessed to restore normal functioning.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- chování účinky léků MeSH
- duševní poruchy mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiota * účinky léků MeSH
- morfin terapeutické užití MeSH
- probiotika farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Over the course of human history, it has been common to use plants for medicinal purposes, such as for providing relief from particular maladies and self-medication. Opium represents one longstanding remedy that has been used to address a range of medical conditions, alleviating discomfort often in ways that have proven pleasurable. Opium is a combination of compounds obtained from the mature fruit of opium poppy, papaver somniferum. Morphine and its biosynthetic precursors thebaine and codeine constitute the main bioactive opiate alkaloids contained in opium. Opium usage in ancient cultures is well documented, as is its major extract morphine. The presence of endogenous opiate alkaloids and opioid peptides in animals owe their discovery to their consistent actions at particular concentrations via stereo select receptors. In vitro expression of morphine within a microbiological industrial setting underscores the role it plays as a multi-purpose pharmacological agent, as well as reinforcing why it can also lead to long-term social dependence. Furthermore, it clearly establishes a reciprocal effect of human intelligence on modifying evolutionary processes in papaver somniferum and related plant species.
