BACKGROUND: Breathing technique may influence endurance exercise performance by reducing overall breathing work and delaying respiratory muscle fatigue. We investigated whether a two-month yoga-based breathing intervention could affect breathing characteristics during exercise. METHODS: Forty-six endurance runners (age = 16.6 ± 1.2 years) were randomized to either a breathing intervention or control group. The contribution of abdominal, thoracic, and subclavian musculature to respiration and ventilation parameters during three different intensities on a cycle ergometer was assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Post-intervention, abdominal, thoracic, and subclavian ventilatory contributions were altered at 2 W·kg-1 (27:23:50 to 31:28:41), 3 W·kg-1 (26:22:52 to 28:31:41), and 4 W·kg-1 (24:24:52 to 27:30:43), whereas minimal changes were observed in the control group. More specifically, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in abdominal contribution was observed at rest and during low intensity work (i.e., 2 and 3 W·kg-1), and a decrease in respiratory rate and increase of tidal volume were observed in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight an increased reliance on more efficient abdominal and thoracic musculature, and less recruitment of subclavian musculature, in young endurance athletes during exercise following a two-month yoga-based breathing intervention. More efficient ventilatory muscular recruitment may benefit endurance performance by reducing energy demand and thus optimize energy requirements for mechanical work.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Education
1. vydání 252 stran : ilustrace (některé barevné) ; 25 cm
Vysokoškolská učebnice, která se zaměřuje na fyziologii při tělesné výchově a sportu.
- Konspekt
- Sport. Hry. Tělesná cvičení
- Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
- NLK Obory
- tělovýchovné lékařství
- fyziologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
We evaluated the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training in adolescent athletes during a 2-week, high altitude (≈1900 m) training camp. Sixteen middle- and long-distance runners (4 female/12 male, 16.9 ± 1.0 years, 65.44 ± 4.03 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into 2 matched groups, both of which received the same training plan, but one of which acquired postwaking HRV values that were used to tailor the training prescription. During the camp, seven athletes in the HRV-guided group combined for a total of 32 training adjustments, whereas there were only 3 runners combined for 14 total training adjustments in the control group. A significant group by time interaction (p < 0.001) for VO2max was driven by VO2max improvements in the HRV group (+2.8 mL·kg-1·min-1, +4.27%; pBonf = 0.002) that were not observed in the control condition (+0.8 mL·kg-1·min-1, +1.26%; pBonf = 0.643). After returning from the camp, all athletes in the HRV group set a personal best, and six out of eight achieved their best positions in the National Championship, whereas only 75% of athletes in the control group set a personal best and five out of eight achieved their best positions in the National Championship. These data provide evidence in support of HRV-guided training as a way to optimize training prescriptions in adolescent athletes.
- MeSH
- běh fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- monitorování fyziologických funkcí * MeSH
- nadmořská výška MeSH
- sportovci MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
- srdeční frekvence fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Ve hrách ovlivňuje lateralita motorický výkon. Cílem naší studie bylo ověřit vztah množství svalové hmoty (SH), odrazové síly (výskok jednonož) a rychlostně silového výkonu (1s výkon při Wingate testu), vše měřeno na jedné dolní končetině (DK). Účastníci studie byli hráči nejvyšší národní mládežnické fotbalové soutěže (n = 69, věk = 16,0 ± 1,2 let, výška = 178,8 ± 6,4 cm, hmotnost = 70,8 ± 8,7 kg). Na DK bylo měřeno množství SH, výška odrazu jednonož na odrazové desce a jednosekundový maximální výkon při 30s Wingate testu (WAnT). Závislost jsme hledali prostřednictvím korelační analýzy (p<0,05). Mezi výškou výskoku a maximálním 1s výkonem ve WAnT (r=0,294, p˂0,05) byl potvrzen významný vztah, podobně i mezi množstvím SH a absolutním výkonem u jednotlivých končetin při WAnT (r = 0,829 pro pravou DK a 0,798 pro levou DK, p ˂ 0,01). Neexistuje vztah mezi odrazovou silou a množstvím SH, ani vztah mezi množstvím SH a maximálním 1s výkonem při rychlostně silovém zatížení. Rozdíly v pohybovém výkonu mezi končetinami se v důsledku fotbalového tréninku nezvětšují. Množství SH neovlivňuje odrazovou sílu ani rychlostně silový výkon ve WAnT. To je důležitým faktorem při volbě posilovacích metod adolescentních fotbalistů.
The aim of our study was to verify the relationship between the amount of muscle mass (MM), the rebound force (one-leg jump) and the speed of power output (1s power in the Wingate test), all measured on each leg separately. The study participants were players in the highest national youth football competition (n = 69, age = 16.0 ± 1.2 years, height = 178.8 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 70.8 ± 8.7 kg). The amount of MM was measured on the lower legs (LL), the height of reflection of the one-foot on the reflecting board and the one-second maximum power in the 30s Wingate test (WAnT). Dependency was sought through correlation analysis (p < 0.05). The differences in the amount of MM between limbs do not increase as a result of football training. A significant relationship was confirmed between the height of the jump and the maximum 1s power in WAnT (r = 0.294, p < 0.05), similarly between the amount of MM and the absolute power for individual limbs in WAnT (r = 0.829 for right LL and 0.798 for left LL, p < 0.01). There is no general relationship (when analysing the results on the two LL) between the reflecting force and the quantity of MM, nor is there a relationship between the quantity of MM and the maximum 1s power at the speed force load. The amount of MM does not affect the reflecting force or the speed of power in WAnT. This is an important factor in the choice of empowerment methods for adolescent footballers.
(1) Background: The objective of the study was to check the relationship between laterality, amount of muscle mass (MM), and selected strength parameters on lower extremities and assessment of asymmetry like a result of training. (2) Methods: The screened sample consisted of soccer players (n = 65, age = 16.0 ± 1.2 years). The legs were assessed for MM, height of reflection on a force plate, and power over 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). The relationships between the individual parameters and age dependence were assessed using a correlation analysis. The differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg were assessed using the t-test. (3) Results: A relationship between the jump height and the mean 30 s power in WAnT (r = 0.375, p ˂ 0.01) and between the amount of MM and the absolute power of the individual legs in WAnT (r = 0.695-0.832, p ˂ 0.01) was proved. A relationship between the take-off force and the MM, or between the MM and the relative power during a velocity force load was not found. (4) Conclusions: The amount of MM in young soccer players does not affect take-off force or strength power in WAnT. The more specific the movement is, the lower the effect on the achieved power output of the concerned MM. Differences in the performance between the dominant and non-dominant leg decrease with duration of the training.
- MeSH
- bérec MeSH
- dolní končetina MeSH
- fotbal * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- svalová síla MeSH
- zátěžový test MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Background and Objectives: We evaluated the effect of an eleven-day altitude training camp on aerobic and anaerobic fitness in trained adolescent runners. Materials and Methods: Twenty adolescent (14-18 yrs) middle- and long-distance runners (11 males and 9 females; 16.7 ± 0.8 yrs), with at least two years of self-reported consistent run training, participated in this study. Eight of the subjects (4 females/4 males) constituted the control group, whereas twelve subjects (5 females/7 males) took part in a structured eleven-day altitude training camp, and training load was matched between groups. Primary variables of interest included changes in aerobic (VO2max) and anaerobic (30 s Wingate test) power. We also explored the relationships between running velocity and blood lactate levels before and after the altitude training camp. Results: Following 11 days of altitude training, desirable changes (p < 0.01) in VO2max (+13.6%), peak relative work rate (+9.6%), and running velocity at various blood lactate concentrations (+5.9%-9.6%) were observed. Meanwhile, changes in Wingate anaerobic power (+5.1%) were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Short duration altitude appears to yield meaningful improvements in aerobic but not anaerobic power in trained adolescent endurance runners.
- MeSH
- anaerobní práh fyziologie MeSH
- běh fyziologie MeSH
- kardiorespirační zdatnost fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nadmořská výška * MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie MeSH
- tolerance zátěže fyziologie MeSH
- vytrvalostní trénink metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Minimizing the energy required for breathing muscles is based on the adaptation of the respiratory muscles which is reflected in the reduction of breathing frequency (BF) and tidal volume (V
- MeSH
- běh fyziologie MeSH
- bránice fyziologie MeSH
- dechová cvičení metody MeSH
- dechový objem MeSH
- dýchací svaly fyziologie MeSH
- dýchání * MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- zátěžový test MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Every talented sportsperson should be developed by an optimal training load applied in order to achieve her limit performance capacity by training adequate to the given age, with no early specialization. This opinion has been confirmed by our study. Through an analysis of the performance capacity of the best female runners of the Czech Republic in youth categories and in adulthood, we examined the link between the performance capacity of female runners in adolescence and that in adulthood. Elite adolescent female runners achieved a considerably lower limit performance capacity in comparison with elite adult female runners. This is probably caused by accelerated performance development. Moreover, the former achieve the top performance level earlier than usual. While the age of the top performance capacity in the best adult female runners is 26.0 ± 3.8 years for 800m, 25.0 ± 3.1 years for 1,500m and 26.0 ± 3.1 years for 3,000m, elite of U20 female runners reach their top performance capac-ity at the age of 21.1 ± 3.1 for 800m, 21.0 ± 3,4 for 1,500m and 22,0 ± 3,5 for 3,000m, of U18 females at the age of 19.1 ± 2.7 for 800m, 19.3 ± 3.5 for 1,500m and 20.7 ± 4.1 for 3,000m, and in case of U16 at 16.6 ± 2.8 years for 800m, 18.0 ± 4.2 years for 1,500m and 17.4 ± 3.5 years for 3,000m. Only a small percentage of elite adolescent female runners is able to improve their performance in adulthood. The top performance capacity in the adolescent age does not vouch for the top performance capacity in adulthood nor is it a guarantee for an individual limit performance capacity.
- MeSH
- běh * klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- sportovní výkon klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- úspěšnost * MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: The performance of the respiratory system during the exercise is limiting the final performance in endurance disciplines. The quality of breathing is linked to endurance performance, subject´s training state, intensity and duration of the physical load, the implementation of which, thus the economy of breathing, is possible to influence through a targeted breathing exercise. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of breathing intervention exercises on the effectiveness of breathing by monitoring value of tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (BF) during an endurance type load in adolescent endurance runners. METHODS: Thirty-seven 37 adolescent endurance runners were enrolled in this study. The girls were 16.79±1.51 years old, the boys were 16.5±1.8 years old. They are involved in endurance training for at least one year. Twenty-one probands took part in the intervention scheme; sixteen probands formed the control group. The study investigated the effect of two months and four months of breathing exercise intervention on tidal volume VT and BF. RESULTS: The probands carried out breathing exercises, which took an average of 13.1±3.7 minutes per day over the first two months, and an average of 11.1±3.9 minutes per day over the next two months. The breathing economy was significantly changed as a result of respiratory exercise intervention. Already after 2 months of intervention there was a significant decrease of BF (by 5.92%) and a significant increase of VT (by 4.44%). After another 2 months, the changes were even more pronounced. In the 4 months of the intervention, the BF decreased by 11.47% and the VT increased by 10.96% in comparison to the original state. In the control group, there were no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that the two-month breathing exercise intervention focused on the activation of the diaphragm is sufficient and resulted in significant changes of in VT and BF.
- MeSH
- běh fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení fyziologie MeSH
- dechová cvičení metody MeSH
- dýchání * MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- plíce fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Studie se zúčastnilo padesát probandů (26 dívek a 24 chlapců) ve věku 16,6 ± 1,4 let, s průměrnou hmotností 57,9 ± 9,2 kg a tělesnou výškou 171,5 ± 8,5 cm. Čtyřicet probandů se zúčastnilo desetidenního tréninkového kempu v nadmořské výšce 1040 metrů nad mořem. Cílem bylo ověřit vliv kempu na jejich funkční, biochemické parametry a úroveň jejich trénovanosti. Deset probandů tvořilo kontrolní skupinu, která absolvovala trénink v místě bydliště v nadmořské výšce 400 m n. m. U nich nedošlo k významné změně žádných sledovaných hodnot. U intervenční skupiny došlo po kempu k významnému snížení hodnot srdeční frekvence o 4,05 %. Trénink v 1000 m n. m. nevyžaduje dlouhou aklimatizaci. Po návratu došlo k významnému zvýšení hodnot VO2max o 4,02 %, tepového kyslíku o 3,62 % a relativního výkonu při VO2 max o 3,15 %. Hodnoty Wingate testu nevýznamně narostly o 1,31–3,27 %. Hodnoty úrovně aerobního prahu byly významně zlepšeny o 4,45 %, u anaerobního prahu byl významný progres o 3,98 %. Krevní parametry byly nevýznamně navýšeny o 1,10–1,25 %. Efekt kempu není plně srovnatelný s pobytem ve vyšší nadmořské výšce, přesto by mohl být jeho vhodnou alternativou pro vytrvalostní sportovce, zejména pro mladé. Pobyt ve vyšší nad mořské výšce plně nenahradí, ale výkonnostní efekt je prokazatelný.
The study examined fifty subjects (26 girls and 24 boys), at the age of 16.6±1.4, with the averageweight of 57.9±9.2 kg and the height of 171.5±8,5 cm. Forty probands participated in a ten-day training camp at the altitude of 1,040 ma.s.l. The objective of the present paper is to verify the effect of a training camp on selected functional, biochemical parameters and level of their performance. The control group comprised ten runners, who underwent training in the altitude of 400 m a.s.l.. No significant changes of values incurred in members of the control group. At a intervention group, heart rate values significantly decreased by 4.05 %. Long acclimatization is not necessary to be able to train at altitude 1000 m. After return VO2max values significantly increased by 4.02%, pulse oxygen by 3.62% and relative work rate at the moment VO2max by 3.15 %. The parameter of Wingate test was insignificantly increased by 1.31–3,27. The level of aerobic threshold significantly improved by 4.45%, anaerobic threshold significantly progressed by 3.98%. Blood parametres no significantly rose by 1.10–1.25%. Even though the values determined fail to accomplish the effect of a training at higher altitudes, the training described in the present paper might be a suitable alternative for endurance sportsmen, especially for young athletes. Training cannot fully substitute training at higher altitude, performance effect is self-evident.
- MeSH
- běh * fyziologie MeSH
- biochemická analýza krve statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nadmořská výška * MeSH
- spirometrie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sportovci statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sportovní výkon fyziologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie MeSH
- srdeční frekvence fyziologie MeSH
- tělesná výchova metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
