BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the treatment for pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia and initial central nervous system (CNS) involvement. METHODS: To evaluate different CNS-directed treatment options (intrathecal [IT] therapy, CNS irradiation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]), 261 patients (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) with initial CNS involvement treated in trials with similar intensive chemotherapy by four cooperative European study groups (1998-2013) were studied and compared with CNS-negative patients from the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster group. RESULTS: Patient characteristics in the different study groups were comparable. Young age, high white blood cell count, extramedullary involvement other than the CNS, monoblastic morphology, and inv(16) were associated with CNS involvement (each P < 0.0001). There were no major differences in outcome between the study groups. The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) regarding the CNS was higher in initially CNS-positive versus initially CNS-negative patients (all: 8 ± 2% vs. 3 ± 1%, P(Gray) = 0.001; isolated: 4 ± 1% vs. 1 ± 0%, P(Gray) = 0.03). However, global outcome of the CNS-positive cohort (overall survival, 64 ± 3%; event-free survival 48 ± 3%; and CIR 33% ± 3%) did not differ significantly from CNS-negative patients. Risk groups defined by cytogenetics were of likewise prognostic significance in CNS-positive and -negative patients. CNS treatment with cranial irradiation was not superior compared to IT therapy and systemic chemotherapy (± HSCT). CONCLUSION: Although CNS relapses occurred more frequently in initially CNS-positive patients, their global outcome was similar as in CNS-negative patients. Intensified IT therapy was heterogeneous; however, at least eight applications, preferably with triple IT chemotherapy, seem to be appropriate to accompany dose-intensive systemic chemotherapy.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kraniální ozáření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nádory centrálního nervového systému mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• sekundární malignity epidemiologie   MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The risk of early death (ED) by bleeding/leukostasis is high in patients with AML with hyperleukocytosis (>100,000/μl). Within the pediatric AML-BFM (Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster) 98/04 studies, emergency strategies for these children included exchange transfusion (ET) or leukapheresis (LPh). Risk factors for ED and interventions performed were analyzed. PATIENTS: Two hundred thirty-eight of 1,251 (19%) patients with AML presented with hyperleukocytosis; 23 of 1,251 (1.8%) patients died of bleeding/leukostasis. RESULTS: ED due to bleeding/leukostasis was highest at white blood cell (WBC) count >200,000/μl (14.3%). ED rates were even higher (20%) in patients with FAB (French-American-British) M4/M5 and hyperleukocytosis >200,000/μl. Patients with WBC >200,000/μl did slightly better with ET/LPh compared to those without ET/LPh (ED rate 7.5% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.055). Multivariate WBC >200,000/μl was of strongest prognostic significance for ED (P(χ(2) ) <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our data confirm the high risk of bleeding/leukostasis in patients with hyperleukocytosis. ET/LPh shows a trend toward reduced ED rate due to bleeding/leukostasis and is recommended at WBC >200,000/μl, and in FAB M4/M5 even at lower WBC.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie komplikace   mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• krevní transfuze * MeSH
• krvácení etiologie   mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• leukaferéza * MeSH
• leukostáza etiologie   mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: To obtain better insight into the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in various age groups, this study focused on the genetic changes occurring during a lifetime. METHODS: This study analyzed the relation between age and genetics from birth to 100 years in 5564 patients with de novo AML diagnosed from 1998 to 2012 (1192 patients from nationwide pediatric studies [AML Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster studies 98 and 2004] and 4372 adults registered with the Munich Leukemia Laboratory). RESULTS: The frequencies of cytogenetic subgroups were age-dependent. Favorable subtypes (t(8;21), inv(16)/t(16;16), and t(15;17)) decreased in general from the pediatric age group (2 to < 18 years; 33%) to the oldest groups (<5% for > 70 years; P < .0001). Unfavorable cytogenetics (-7/del(7), -5/del(5q) or 5p, inv(3)/t(3;3), t(6;9), complex karyotype, 12p, 17p, and 11q23/mixed-lineage leukemia aberrations, excluding t(9;11)) were frequent (42%) in infants (<2 years), had a low frequency in children and young adults (<22%), and increased in frequency up to 36% in patients older than 85 years (P = .01). This was even more significant for complex karyotypes (P ≤ .0001), which also showed a strong increase in the absolute age-specific incidence with age. Interestingly, the frequency of 11q23 abnormalities decreased from infants to older patients. The proportion of clinically relevant molecular aberrations of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, nucleophosmin (NPM1), and NPM1/fms-related tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, with the exclusion of infants, a significant decrease in the proportion of favorable cytogenetic subtypes and an increase in unfavorable cytogenetics were observed with increasing age. These findings indicate different mechanisms for the pathogenesis of AML; these different mechanisms also suggest directions for etiological research and contribute to the more unfavorable prognosis with increasing age. Cancer 2016;122:3821-3830. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie genetika   patologie   MeSH
• chromozomální aberace MeSH
• cytogenetické vyšetření metody   MeSH
• cytogenetika metody   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• karyotypizace MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• molekulární biologie metody   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The prognostic significance of early response to treatment has not been reported in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. In order to identify an early and easily applicable prognostic factor allowing subsequent treatment modifications, we assessed leukemic blast counts in the bone marrow by morphology on days 15 and 28 after first reinduction in 338 patients of the international Relapsed-AML2001/01 trial. Both day 15 and day 28 status was classified as good (≤20% leukemic blasts) in 77% of patients. The correlation between day 15 and 28 blast percentages was significant, but not strong (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.49, P<0.001). Survival probability decreased in a stepwise fashion along with rising blast counts at day 28. Patients with bone marrow blast counts at this time-point of ≤5%, 6-10%, 11-20% and >20% had 4-year probabilities of survival of 52%±3% versus 36%±10% versus 21%±9% versus 14%±4%, respectively, P<0.0001; this trend was not seen for day 15 results. Multivariate analysis showed that early treatment response at day 28 had the strongest prognostic significance, superseding even time to relapse (< or ≥12 months). In conclusion, an early response to treatment, measured on day 28, is a strong and independent prognostic factor potentially useful for treatment stratification in pediatric relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. This study was registered with ISRCTN code: 94206677.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie diagnóza   farmakoterapie   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• buňky kostní dřeně účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• daunomycin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• indukce remise MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• monitorování léčiv MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protinádorová antibiotika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH