Přeshraniční reprodukční péče je nepochybným fenoménem současnosti. Zájemců o poskytování reprodukční péče v zahraničí každým rokem přibývá. Tato nová skutečnost vyžaduje politické řešení, které by reagovalo na definici standardní péče v podmínkách poskytování zdravotních služeb občanům jiné země. Pacienti, kteří podstupují reprodukční léčbu v zahraničí, se velmi často potýkají s komplikacemi, jako jsou jazyková bariéra, nedostatečná informovanost, odloučení od rodinných příslušníků, kulturní rozdíly a zvyky, možná nerealistická očekávání a také omezení ze zákona. Tato práce má deskriptivní charakter a jejím cílem je ilustrovat proměnné, které vstupují do hry při výběru České republiky před jinými zeměmi pro léčbu neplodnosti. Tento fenomén analyzujeme výběrem dokumentů používaných jako zdroje dat. V našem výzkumu jsme se zaměřili na léčbu neplodnosti a definovali jsme několik důvodů, proč zahraniční pacienti dávají v léčbě neplodnosti přednost České republice před jinými destinacemi, a to absence čekací doby, anonymní dárcovství, mezinárodní oddělení v různých jazycích a dostupné ceny ve srovnání s jinými zeměmi.
Cross-border reproductive care is undoubtedly a current phenomenon. The number of people interested in receiving reproductive care abroad is increasing every year. This new context needs a political solution that would respond to the definition of standard care within the circumstances of providing healthcare to the citizens of another country. Patients that undergo reproductive treatment abroad very often face complications such as language problems, insufficient information, separation from family members, cultural differences and customs, potential unrealistic expectations, and also restrictions by law. This work is descriptive in nature and aims to illustrate the variables that come into play when choosing the Czech Republic over other destinations as a country to receive infertility treatment. We analyze the phenomenon by selecting documents used as sources of data. In our research, we focused on infertility treatment and justified the reasons why foreign citizens choose the Czech Republic over other destinations for infertility treatment. The variables that lead to the selection of cross-border infertility treatment in the Czech Republic include no waiting time, anonymous donations, international departments in various languages, and affordable prices compared to other destinations.
- MeSH
- Reproductive Techniques, Assisted * MeSH
- Oocyte Donation MeSH
- Fertilization in Vitro MeSH
- Infertility therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Medical Tourism * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomes are early diverged protozoan parasites and show significant differences in their gene expression compared with higher eukaryotes. Due to a lack of individual gene promoters, large polycistronic transcripts are produced and individual mRNAs mature by trans-splicing and polyadenylation. In the absence of transcriptional control, regulation of gene expression occurs post-transcriptionally mainly by control of transcript stability and translation. Regulation of mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm might be an additional post-transcriptional event involved in gene regulation. However, our knowledge about mRNA export in trypanosomes is very limited. Although export factors of higher eukaryotes are reported to be conserved, only a few orthologues can be readily identified in the genome of T. brucei. Hence, biochemical approaches are needed to identify the export machinery of trypanosomes. Here, we report the functional characterization of the essential mRNA export factor TbMex67. TbMex67 contains a unique and essential N-terminal zinc finger motif. Furthermore, we could identify two interacting export factors namely TbMtr2 and the karyopherin TbIMP1. Our data show that the general heterodimeric export receptor Mex67-Mtr2 is conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom albeit exhibiting parasite-specific features.
- MeSH
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus * MeSH
- Nuclear Proteins chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- RNA, Messenger metabolism MeSH
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- RNA-Binding Proteins chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- Zinc Fingers * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Leishmaniases are vector-borne parasitic diseases with 0.9 - 1.4 million new human cases each year worldwide. In the vectorial part of the life-cycle, Leishmania development is confined to the digestive tract. During the first few days after blood feeding, natural barriers to Leishmania development include secreted proteolytic enzymes, the peritrophic matrix surrounding the ingested blood meal and sand fly immune reactions. As the blood digestion proceeds, parasites need to bind to the midgut epithelium to avoid being excreted with the blood remnant. This binding is strictly stage-dependent as it is a property of nectomonad and leptomonad forms only. While the attachment in specific vectors (P. papatasi, P. duboscqi and P. sergenti) involves lipophosphoglycan (LPG), this Leishmania molecule is not required for parasite attachment in other sand fly species experimentally permissive for various Leishmania. During late-stage infections, large numbers of parasites accumulate in the anterior midgut and produce filamentous proteophosphoglycan creating a gel-like plug physically obstructing the gut. The parasites attached to the stomodeal valve cause damage to the chitin lining and epithelial cells of the valve, interfering with its function and facilitating reflux of parasites from the midgut. Transformation to metacyclic stages highly infective for the vertebrate host is the other prerequisite for effective transmission. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of molecular interactions occurring in all these distinct phases of parasite colonization of the sand fly gut, highlighting recent discoveries in the field.
- MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Tract parasitology MeSH
- Insect Vectors MeSH
- Leishmania physiology MeSH
- Psychodidae parasitology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
BACKGROUND: Parasite-vector interactions are fundamental in the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis. Leishmania development in the vector sand fly is confined to the digestive tract, where sand fly midgut molecules interact with the parasites. In this work we sequenced and analyzed two midgut-specific cDNA libraries from sugar fed and blood fed female Phlebotomus perniciosus and compared the transcript expression profiles. RESULTS: A total of 4111 high quality sequences were obtained from the two libraries and assembled into 370 contigs and 1085 singletons. Molecules with putative roles in blood meal digestion, peritrophic matrix formation, immunity and response to oxidative stress were identified, including proteins that were not previously reported in sand flies. These molecules were evaluated relative to other published sand fly transcripts. Comparative analysis of the two libraries revealed transcripts differentially expressed in response to blood feeding. Molecules up regulated by blood feeding include a putative peritrophin (PperPer1), two chymotrypsin-like proteins (PperChym1 and PperChym2), a putative trypsin (PperTryp3) and four putative microvillar proteins (PperMVP1, 2, 4 and 5). Additionally, several transcripts were more abundant in the sugar fed midgut, such as two putative trypsins (PperTryp1 and PperTryp2), a chymotrypsin (PperChym3) and a microvillar protein (PperMVP3). We performed a detailed temporal expression profile analysis of the putative trypsin transcripts using qPCR and confirmed the expression of blood-induced and blood-repressed trypsins. Trypsin expression was measured in Leishmania infantum-infected and uninfected sand flies, which identified the L. infantum-induced down regulation of PperTryp3 at 24 hours post-blood meal. CONCLUSION: This midgut tissue-specific transcriptome provides insight into the molecules expressed in the midgut of P. perniciosus, an important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Old World. Through the comparative analysis of the libraries we identified molecules differentially expressed during blood meal digestion. Additionally, this study provides a detailed comparison to transcripts of other sand flies. Moreover, our analysis of putative trypsins demonstrated that L. infantum infection can reduce the transcript abundance of trypsin PperTryp3 in the midgut of P. perniciosus.
- MeSH
- Databases, Genetic MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Gene Library MeSH
- Insect Vectors classification cytology enzymology genetics MeSH
- Blood MeSH
- Leishmania infantum MeSH
- RNA, Messenger genetics metabolism MeSH
- Microvilli genetics MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
- Organ Specificity MeSH
- Oxidative Stress genetics MeSH
- Phlebotomus classification cytology enzymology genetics MeSH
- Carbohydrates MeSH
- Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Gene Expression Profiling MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
