An important part of the side effects of combined oral contraceptives (COC) usage is its psychological impact, which includes mood changes, anxiousness and depression. The psychological impacts are expected to be caused by physiological fluctuations of sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle; this cycling is, however, suppressed in COC users. In our study, we assessed the differences in emotional awareness and anxiousness between women long term users of anti-androgenic COC (AA) and women with no COC use in their medical history (C). We also searched for intraindividual differences by comparing the results of both groups for the follicular and luteal phase of their cycle. A total of 45 women aged 18 to 22 participated in this study. The respondents were given our battery of questionnaires at the beginning of their follicular phase - this battery included two State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires (STAI-I, STAI-II), as well as a Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) test. The respondents were given only STAI-I in their luteal phase. We also analyzed the hormonal profile of our respondents. Our results show a significant difference in the LEAS analysis, implying the possibility of altered emotional awareness in AA group. STAI-I and STAI-II analysis did not yield any significant results, showing that anxiety levels of COC users probably do not differ from the general female population. We therefore discovered lower emotional awareness in COC using women (AA). Key words LEAS, STAI, Combined oral contraceptives, Anxiety, Hormonal profile.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce * účinky léků MeSH
- kontraceptiva orální hormonální škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kontraceptiva orální kombinovaná škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- uvědomování si MeSH
- úzkost * psychologie chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Sports activity is generally considered to be beneficial to health. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. Sports activities significantly affect the cardiovascular system. A number of studies show that they significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as decrease cardiovascular mortality. This review discusses changes in various cardiovascular parameters in athletes - vagotonia/bradycardia, hypertrophy of heart, ECG changes, blood pressure, and variability of cardiovascular parameters. Because of its relationship to the cardiovascular system, VO2max, which is widely used as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, is also discussed. The review concludes with a discussion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, particularly in relation to changes in the cardiovascular system in athletes. The review appropriately summarizes the above issues and points out some new implications.
- MeSH
- cvičení fyziologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární systém * MeSH
- krevní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sporty * fyziologie MeSH
- srdce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
