A survey was conducted in the Czech Republic to determine whether serological responses to the 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa Cryptosporidium antigens had changed since the end of the communist era and if these responses were associated with drinking water sources. Sera from 301 blood donors residing in six areas served by various sources of drinking water were analysed by Western Blot (mini-immunoblots) to measure the IgG response. The intensity of response and percentage of persons with a strong response to the 27-kDa, but not the 15/17-kDa, antigen were higher than found 20 years earlier. A strong response to both the 15/17- and 27-kDa-antigens was higher than reported in other countries, and the probability of persons having a strong response was greater in areas with surface water sources than river-bank infiltration. Few cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in spite of these high responses to Cryptosporidium antigens. These responses suggest a chronic low-level exposure from several sources that may be affording protection against symptoms and illness. Although strong serological responses were associated with surface water sources, drinking water is not likely to be the most important exposure for Cryptosporidium in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium * MeSH
- kryptosporidióza * MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- pitná voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zásobování vodou statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Je podán přehled pøíèin 212 epidemií z rekreaèních vod v USA zahrnujících 17 975 pøípadù onemocnìní hlášených v období 1995–2004. Nejèastìji hlášeným onemocnìním byla gastroenteritida (91 %). Pøíznaky a postižení pokožky, uší a oèí byly ménì èasté (6 %). Hlášeny byly též pøípady leptospirózy, akutního respiraèního onemocnìní, meningitidy a primární amébové meningoencefalitidy. Etiologie bakteriální èi protozoální byla zjištìna u vìtšiny (71 %) epidemií; 8 % epidemií bylo virového pùvodu. U 17 % nebyla etiologie potvrzena. Cryptosporidium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosoa, norovirus a chemikálie byly potvrzeny jako pøíèina vìtšiny (69 %) epidemií u upravovaných rekreaèních vod, jako jsou plavecké bazény a brouzdalištì. Naegleria fowleri, E. coli O157:H7, norovirus, Shigella spp. a ptaèí Schistosomatidae byly potvrzeny jako pøíèina vìtšiny (72 %) epidemií u neupravovaných rekreaèních vod, jako jsou jezera, vodní nádrže a potoky. Sami koupající byli nejvýznamnìjšími zdroji kontaminace (napø. fekální zneèištìní, koupání nemocných, velké poèty koupajících se osob) pøi epidemiích v upravovaných i v neupravovaných rekreaèních vodách. Vypouštìní odpadních vod, splachy z povodí pøi velkých deštích, vodní kvìt a rùzné druhy zvíøat a ptactva byly též významnými zdroji kontaminace neupravovaných rekreaèních vod. Neadekvátní provoz, údržba èi úprava vody byly významnými pøispívajícími rizikovými faktory u epidemií v upravovaných rekreaèních vodách. Surveillance epidemií z vody mùže napomoci ve zjišśování etiologických agens, zdrojù kontaminace a závad v úpravì/provozu. Nicménì statistiky epidemií nemusí pøesnì odrážet rizika sporadického èi endemického výskytu onemocnìní z vody spojeného s rekreaèními aktivitami ve sladkých vodách a moøích. Informace z epidemiologických studií, které se nyní provádìjí, mohou vést k doporuèením pro snížení rizik výskytu endemických onemocnìní pøenášených vodou.
In this article, we review the causes of 212 recreational waterborne outbreaks and 17,975 cases of illness reported in U.S.A. during 1995–2004. Gastroenteritis was the most frequently (91%) reported illness. Conditions or symptoms related to the skin, ears, or eyes occurred less frequently (6%). Also reported were cases of leptospirosis, acute respiratory illness, meningitis, and primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in most (71%) outbreaks; 8% of the outbreaks were viral in origin. An etiology was not confirmed for 17% of the outbreaks. Cryptosporidium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosoa, norovirus, and chemicals were confirmed as the cause of most (69%) outbreaks in treated recreational waters such as swimming and wading pools. Naegleria fowleri, E. coli O157:H7, norovirus, Shigella spp., and avian Schistosomatidae were confirmed as the cause of most (72%) outbreaks in untreated recreational waters such as lakes, ponds, and streams. Bathers themselves were the most important sources of contamination (e.g, fecal accidents, bathing while ill, large numbers of bathers) for outbreaks in both treated and untreated recreational waters. Sewage discharges, watershed runoff during heavy rainfall, algal blooms, and various animal and avian species were also important sources of contamination for untreated recreational waters. Inadequate operation, maintenance, or water treatment was an important contributing risk factor for outbreaks in treated recreational waters. Waterborne outbreak surveillance can help identify the etiologic agents, sources of contamination, and treatment/operational deficiencies so that effective prevention and control programs can be implemented. However, the outbreak statistics may not accurately reflect the risks of sporadic or endemic waterborne illness associated with recreational activities in fresh and marine waters. Information from epidemiologic studies that are now being conducted can lead to guidelines to reduce endemic illness risks.
- MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
- epidemiologická měření MeSH
- infekční nemoci mikrobiologie přenos MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- koupací pláže MeSH
- mikrobiologie vody MeSH
- plavecké bazény MeSH
- zásobování vodou normy MeSH
- zdroje nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
Serological responses to Cryptosporidium-specific antigens (15/17 and 27 kDa) were compared among populations in four areas of the Czech Republic that use drinking water from clearly defined sources: (1) wells in a fractured sandstone aquifer, (2) riverbank infiltration, or (3) two different filtered and chlorinated surface waters. Among persons surveyed in the area with riverbank-infiltration water, 33% had a strong serological response to the 15/17-kDa antigen group whereas, in the other three areas, over 72% of persons had a strong response. These response differences suggest that Cryptosporidium exposures and infection were lower in the area with bank infiltration. The large percentage of the study population with a strong serological response to both antigens suggests high levels of previous infections that may have resulted in protective immunity for cryptosporidiosis. This may be one reason why no waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and few cases of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie imunologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protilátky protozoální krev MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
[1st ed.] 227 s. : il.
