There are consistent associations between physical activity and self-perceived health. However, it is not clear whether associations between self-perceived health and participation in physical activity could be accounted for by associations with cognitive function. In the present study, we examined whether associations between physical activity and cognitive functioning could explain the variability between physical activity and self-perceived health. A sample of 204 older adults performed three cognitive tests selected from the Vienna test system battery: The Determination, Cognitrone, and Visual Memory tests. These tests measure general processing speed, attention, and visual memory, respectively. Participants also completed the 12-item Short Form Health Questionnaire SF-12 to measure perceived health, and the Physical Activity Survey for the Elderly to measure physical activity. Linear regressions and the PROCESS macro for SPSS were used to test our hypotheses. Consistent with our hypotheses, processing speed accounted for significant variance in the relationship between physical activity and self-perceived health. This suggests that cognitive processing speed might be an indirect path by which physical activity relates to enhanced health perceptions. The results demonstrate that associations between physical activity and self-perceptions of health are related to a fundamental cognitive process.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Teorie posturálních a fázických svalů se stala součástí studia tělesné výchovy a přenáší se i do samotné praxe. Cílem článku bylo pomocí systematické rešerše literatury ověřit, do jaké míry jsou zastoupena zkrácení a oslabení vybraných svalů. Bylo identifikováno celkem 20 studií, které se zabývaly tímto tématem. Je patrné, že výzkumy vykazují nesourodé závěry a v mnohých případech nepotvrzují deficit u většiny vzorku v rámci diagnostiky pohybového aparátu. Podobně také nelze jednoznačně potvrdit identifikace horního a dolního zkříženého syndromu. Na základě získaných informací by bylo vhodné revidovat plošné využívání zmíněné teorie ve výuce školní tělesné výchovy a také přístup k diagnostice žáků. Většina použitých studií bohužel nemá silnou výpovědní hodnotu a pro potvrzení uvedených závěrů jsou nutné další informace z početných vzorků.

The theory of postural and phasic muscles has become a part of the study of physical education and is transferred to the practice itself. The article aimed to verify the extent to which the shortening and weakening of selected muscles are represented by a systematic literature search. A total of 23 studies have been identified to address this topic. It is evident that the research shows inconsistent conclusions and in many cases does not confirm the deficit in most of the samples in the diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system. Similarly, the identification of upper and lower cross syndrome cannot be unequivocally confirmed. Based on the information gathered, it would be advisable to revise the general use of the aforementioned theory in school physical education as well as the approach to pupil diagnostics. Unfortunately, most of the studies used do not have a strong informative value and further information from numerous samples is necessary to confirm these conclusions.

• Klíčová slova
• horní zkřížený syndrom, dolní zkřížený syndrom,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• muskuloskeletální bolest diagnóza   etiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• muskuloskeletální nemoci * diagnóza   etiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• rozsah kloubních pohybů MeSH
• svalový tonus MeSH
• tělesná výchova metody   normy   MeSH
• terapie cvičením metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH

The population is aging in developed countries. This aging process results in many changes, both physical and mental. Over the years, there has been a gradual decline in the level of cognitive functions closely related to the ageing process, which is most often connected with ageing diseases such as dementia. So far, pharmacological treatment has not yet been able to cure this neurological disorder. Health policies around the world seek to find alternative programs and strategies to help a healthy population prevent cognitive decline and prolong active life. One such strategy appears to be physical activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of physical activity on cognitive performance among healthy older individuals. The methodology of this study is based on a systematic electronic literature search of available studies found in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The findings suggest that any physical activity in older age seems to have a positive impact on the improvement of cognitive function. Furthermore, it appears that dancing, due to its multiple mechanisms, might have the biggest effect on the enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy older individuals. However, controlled clinical trials of physical activity intervention in older adults are rare. Therefore, further research in this area (particularly on the amount of physical activity, its intensity and type) is needed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH