In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

• MeSH
• autofagie * fyziologie   MeSH
• autofagozomy MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• biotest normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lyzozomy MeSH
• proteiny spojené s autofagií metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• směrnice MeSH

OBJECTIVES: In the TOURMALINE-MM1 phase 3 trial in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (IRd) showed different magnitudes of progression-free survival (PFS) benefit vs placebo-Rd according to number and type of prior therapies, with greater benefit seen in patients with >1 prior line of therapy or 1 prior line of therapy without stem cell transplantation (SCT). METHODS: RNA sequencing data were used to investigate the basis of these differences. RESULTS: The PFS benefit of IRd vs placebo-Rd was greater in patients with tumors expressing high c-MYC levels (median not reached vs 11.3 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26, 0.66; P < .001) compared with in those expressing low c-MYC levels (median 20.6 vs 16.6 months; HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42, 1.2). Expression of c-MYC in tumors varied based on the number and type of prior therapy received, with the lowest levels observed in tumors of patients who had received 1 prior line of therapy including SCT. These tumors also had higher expression levels of CD19 and CD81. CONCLUSIONS: PFS analyses suggest that lenalidomide and ixazomib target tumors with different levels of c-MYC, CD19, and CD81 expression, thus providing a potential rationale for the differential benefits observed in the TOURMALINE-MM1 study. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01564537.

• MeSH
• dexamethason MeSH
• doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
• exprese genu * MeSH
• glycin analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• lenalidomid MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom farmakoterapie   genetika   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-myc genetika   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sloučeniny boru MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• stupeň nádoru MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling plays a major role in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In the present study, we analyzed the potent role of carnosol against osteoarthritis in cells treated using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) model through in vitro studies. MIA caused dose-dependent cell death and induced programmed cell death by increasing subG1 accumulation and caspase-3 expressions. MIA caused oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and further induced NF-κB expression and down regulated Nrf-2 levels. Pre-treatment with carnosol significantly protected the cells by reducing the oxidative stress markers and improved the cell viability up to 98%. Further, carnosol down regulated NF-κB nuclear expression with a concomitant increase in Nrf-2 nuclear localization and up regulated the nuclear Nrf-2 levels. Carnosol also inhibited MIA-induced subG1 accumulation and caspase-3 activation. This study demonstrates that, carnosol might act as potent antioxidant and regulate MIA-induced oxidative stress, NF-κB signaling and programmed cell death by up regulating the Nrf-2 levels.

• MeSH
• antioxidancia metabolismus   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   MeSH
• chondrocyty patologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• chrupavka MeSH
• diterpeny abietanové farmakologie   metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• faktor 1 související s NF-E2 aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• jodacetáty farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• NF-kappa B antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• osteoartróza * metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• zánět genetika   chemicky indukované   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH