Due to the development of Marine aquaculture, infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus are common all over the world. Symptoms of V. vulnificus infection vary from gastrointestinal illness to septicemia. After infection with V. vulnificus, some patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and so on. Others appeared wound infection at the site of contact with bacteria, and even developed sepsis. Once it develops into sepsis, the prognosis of patients is very poor. However, its underlying pathogenic mechanism remains largely undetermined. Growing evidence shows that it can induce primary septicemia mainly via essential virulence factors and regulators. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that play roles in sepsis. In this review, we systematically expounded the role of V. vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis in order to provide useful information for the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika metabolismus MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Vibrio mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sepse mikrobiologie MeSH
- Vibrio vulnificus genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant Cr tolerance through immobilizing Cr in mycorrhizal roots. However, the detailed processes and mechanisms are unclear. The present study focused on cellular distribution and speciation of Cr in both extraradical mycelium (ERM) and mycorrhizal roots exposed to Cr(VI) by using field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM-EDS), scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques. We found that amounts of particles (possibly extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) were produced on the AM fungal surface upon Cr(VI) stress, which contributed greatly to Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. With EDS of the surface of AM fungi exposed to various Cr(VI) levels, a positive correlation between Cr and P was revealed, suggesting that phosphate groups might act as counter ions of Cr(III), which was also confirmed by the XAFS analysis. Besides, STXM and XAFS analyses showed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in AM fungal structures (arbuscules, intraradical mycelium, etc.) and cell walls in mycorrhizal roots, and complexed possibly with carboxyl groups or histidine analogues. The present work provided evidence of Cr immobilization on fungal surface and in fungal structures in mycorrhizal roots at a cellular level, and thus unraveled the underlying mechanisms by which AM symbiosis immobilize Cr.
- MeSH
- chrom analýza chemie MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- mycelium metabolismus MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- spektrometrie rentgenová emisní MeSH
- struktury hub * MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- duševní poruchy epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- hluk na pracovišti škodlivé účinky MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- duševní poruchy epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- hluk na pracovišti škodlivé účinky MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
