Príspevok popisuje vplyv prenatálnej expozície alkoholu (PAE) v kontexte vzniku kraniofaciálnych a ostatných typických deficitov u detí s fetálnym alkoholovým syndrómom – FAS. FAS je najzávažnejšou diagnózou porúch fetálneho alkoholového spektra – FASD. FASD je nediagnostický súhrnný termín pre možné následky PAE. Ide o súbor anatomických malformácií a neurovývinových abnormalít vzniknutých počas vnútromaternicového vývinu jednotlivca konzumáciou alkoholu matkou počas tehotenstva. V rámci diagnostiky FASD, vrátane FAS, existuje celosvetovo viacero diagnostických manuálov. Na Slovensku sa zatiaľ používa The 4-Digit Code podľa Astley (2004). Daný manuál má veľmi dobre prepracovanú časť diagnostiky kraniofaciálnych deficitov. Pri FAS sú typickými znakmi na tvári tzv. sentinelové črty tváre. Patria sem krátka viečková štrbina, úzka horná pera a vyhladená ryha medzi nosom a hornou perou. Z hľadiska logopédie je dôležité vedieť aj o anomáliách vývinu zubov, pier, podnebia, nosa, uší a očí. V rámci etiogenézy kraniofaciálnych a ostatných typických deficitov sa vo všeobecnosti uvádzajú molekulárne, biochemické, bunkové a embryonálne mechanizmy.
The article describes the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the context of the development of craniofacial and other typical deficits in children with foetal alcohol syndrome - FAS. FAS is the most serious diagnosis of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders - FASD. FASD is a non-diagnostic umbrella term for possible consequences of PAE. It is a set of anatomical malformations and neurodevelopmental abnormalities created during intrauterine development of an individual due to alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. There are several diagnostic manuals worldwide for the diagnosis of FASD, including FAS. The 4-Digit Code according to Astley (2004) is currently used in Slovakia. The given manual has a very well-researched section on the diagnosis of craniofacial deficits. In FAS, the typical signs on the face are what are called the sentinel facial features. These include a short palpebral fissure, a narrow upper lip, and a smooth crease between the nose and the upper lip. From the point of view of Speech Therapy, it is also important to know about anomalies in the development of the teeth, lips, palate, nose, ears and eyes. As part of the aetiology of craniofacial and other typical deficits, molecular, biochemical, cellular and embryonic mechanisms are generally mentioned.
The paper deals with the issue of supporting inclusion through early therapeutic-pedagogical stimulation using Marie Montessori’s concept. It presents the results of qualitative research, on the basis of which the therapeutic strategies of the therapeutic pedagogue were identified in the context of early stimulation. The research presents verbal and combined verbal-physical-activity strategies in early therapeutic-pedagogical stimulation according to M. Montessori. Therapeutic-pedagogical early stimulation according to Maria Montessori’s concept is a specific therapeutic approach within a broader understanding of early intervention. The goal is to maximize the participation of a child with at-risk development in the life of the family and community in the context of supporting inclusion.
Play itself heals. The high-quality, deep and accepting relationship in the context of play therapy, multiplies its therapeutic aspect. Play has preventive effect, helping to prepare to cope with life difficulties and in the case of complex problems is useful even as the treatment. The play is in therapeutic education used as basic preventive, therapeutic and educational intervention. Play therapy is used for clients in situations to prevent potential problems and to solve various disadvantages. It provides to clients the possibility of self-expression, abreaction and correction of pathogenic emotional dynamics and also solving urgent current problems.
